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Patho > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

Stimulates osteoblasts

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2
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do?

A

Stimulates osteoclasts
*increases blood calcium levels

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3
Q

What environment do condryocytes thrive in?

A

Low 02

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4
Q

How do condryoblasts become condrocytes?

A

When they become entrapped by the matrix that they secreted
*watery matrix
*protein sugar molecule

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5
Q

What is the job of the condryocytes/

A

Grown-up cartilage cells
*responsible for maintain cartilage matrix

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6
Q

What happens next after the cohondrocytes are made?

A

A blood vessels starts to grow near the cartilage pieces
*the BV has progenitor cells, and osteoblasts

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7
Q

What is an osteogenic bud?

A

Osteoblasts and Blood vessel

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8
Q

What erodes the cartilage pieces that were created?

A

The osteogenic bud
*brings a lot of blood into the cartilage

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9
Q

Once the blood vessel brings blood to erode the cartilage pierce how does the environment change?

A

There will be an increase in O2 levels

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10
Q

What will happen to the condrocytes if there is high o2?

A

They will die
*will be a cartilaginous frame with holes in it where condryocytes used to live

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11
Q

What environment do osteoblasts like to live in?

A

High o2
-will go into the small holes that were created

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12
Q

What is the job of osteoblasts?

A

Responsible for turning things into bone

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13
Q

What is responsible for osteoblasts to make a convergence from cartilage matrix to bone?

A

Mineral
O2
Nutrients
Collagen

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14
Q

What happens if there is not enough o2?

A

Bone become brittle

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15
Q

What happens if there is collagen but no minerals?

A

Flexible

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16
Q

once the bony matrix is established what happens?

A

There will be a marrow cavity
*filled with progenitor cells
*making formed elements of the blood

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17
Q

What is the primary ossification?

A

The first area of a bone that starts to ossifying
*Middle of bone
*1st place that the osteogenic bud is going to make contact with the condrocytes of the cartilage

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18
Q

What is cortical bone?

A

The dense outer surface of the bone that forms a protective layer around the internal cavity

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19
Q

What is a secondary ossification center?

A

Appears at the epiphyses
*or edges/ends of bones

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20
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate?

A

Separate bone shaft from bony ends
*thin layer of cartilage
*lies betwen the epiphyses and metaphases
*Where the growth of long bones take place

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21
Q

What is the purpose of the epiphyseal plate?

A

Allows the bone to get longer and wider
*under control of the sex hormone
*responds better to testosterone

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22
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Covering of the bone
*supplies the bones with blood, nerve and cells

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23
Q

Who grows sooner girls or boys?

A

Girls: sooner, stop growing first
Boys: later, stop growing last

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24
Q

What helps kids grow?

A

The growth horomone which is secreted during sleep

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25
Q

What cells are responsible for creating the bony matrix?

A

Osteocytes

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26
Q

What are osteoclasts derived from?

A

Macrophage precursors
*secrete enzymes that will degrade the bony matrix

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27
Q

What is the purpose of osteoblasts?

A

Can create a bone matrix

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28
Q

What happens if we take away calcium from the bone?

A

Will demineralize the bone and weaken the bony matrix

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29
Q

What is an osteon?

A

Circular arrangement of cells around blood vessels
*Blood vessel and all the cells they supply

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30
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

Help regulate calcium levels in the blood by decreasing it

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31
Q

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?

A

Rod-shaped
Striated
-multiple myoblasts (precursor muscle cells)

32
Q

What is the endomysium?

A

Around myocytes
*connective tissue
*protect individual cells

33
Q

What is the perimysium?

A

Around fascicles
*Muscle cells bundle together

34
Q

What is the epimysium?

A

Around the entire muscle

35
Q

What is a alpha motor neuron?

A

Efferent
*brings info from CNS out to cells telling them to contract

36
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

37
Q

what does a neuromuscular junction utilizes?

A

Acetylecoline
*for muscular contraction

38
Q

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?

A

Y-shaped
*striated
*multinucleated

39
Q

What is the purpose of the intercalated disks for cardiac cells?

A

Will create communication

40
Q

What is the PNS and SNS function of the heart?

A

PNS: Stop
SNS: GO

41
Q

What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?

A

Spindle
*NOT STRIATED
*contraction is slower and poor

42
Q

What is the PNS and SNS function of smooth muscle?

A

PNS: GO
SNS: STOP

43
Q

What is the definition of oxygen debt?

A

The amount of oxygen required to remove the lactic acid and replace the body’s reserves of oxygen

44
Q

What happens to smooth, skeletal, cardiac muscle during an O2 debt?

A

Smooth: will die
Skeletal: can tolerate
Cardiac: Will die within 30 secs

45
Q

What is myoglobin

A

Protein found in striated muscles
*skeletal
*cardiac
*Supply oxygen to cells in muscles

46
Q

What is a tendon, ligament, and articulate capsule/

A

Tendon: connect muscle to bone (dense regular)
Ligament: connect bone to bone
Articulation capsule: Will make synovial fluid, lubricate the joint

47
Q

What are the different types of joints?

A

Synarthroses: immovable (skull)
Amphiarthroses: slightly movable (sternocostal)
Diarthroses: Fully moveable (elbow, knee,etc)

48
Q

What does an EMG do?

A

Measures the charge carried via the muscle fibers

49
Q

What is the purpose of the creating kinase test?

A

Can be elevated if muscle cells are damaged

50
Q

Which fracture if most common in kids?

A

Greenstick
*closed
*bending of bone

51
Q

What does displaced mean for a bone?

A

Two fracture bone ends are no longer in alignment

52
Q

What are the steps of bone healing?

A
  1. Bleeding occurs
  2. Hematoma forms (attracts osteoblasts, osteoclasts
  3. Necrosis forms (areas of osteons that can’t get enough O2)
  4. Bone collar is formed
  5. Fibroblasts/condroblasts move into tissue
  6. bony callus forms
  7. Bone remodeling
53
Q

What is compartment syndrome and where is it most common?

A

Increased pressure in extremities
* will cause decreased blood flow, nerves get compressed
*Happens in forearm and leg

54
Q

What is Fat emboli

A

Occur from the marrow when pieces of the fatty marrow break off

55
Q

What happens during epiphyseal plate damage?

A

Condylocytes quit dividing
*During puberty

56
Q

What is a sprain?

A

Tear in a ligament

57
Q

What is a strain?

A

Tear in a tendon

58
Q

What is an avulsion

A

Separation of tendon or ligament from a bony attachment
*due to sudden force

59
Q

What happens to a joint when torn?

A

Synovial fluid will leak, creating a cyst
*cysts will interfere with joint mobility

60
Q

How can you tell the difference from a partial or complete tear/

A

There will be a transition from skeletal muscle tissue to dense regular connective tissue

61
Q

What is a first degree muscle tear?

A

Involve a small percentage of muscle fibers
*no loss of strength or ROM

62
Q

What is a second degree muscle tear?

A

Large tear (not complete)
*pain is great and loss of strength and ROM

63
Q

What is a third degree tear?

A

Complete thickness tear

64
Q

How do rickets and osetomalacia happen?

A

Vitamin D deficit
*decreased calcium reabsorption

65
Q

What is pagets disease?

A

Malformation of bone re-modeling
*happens in the elders
*not malignant
*bone over grows

66
Q

What is oseteomyelitis?

A

Bone infection
*bacteria in the vascular space
*directly destroys the bone

67
Q

What are the primary curvatures of the spine?

A

Thoracic
Sacrum

68
Q

What are the acquired or secondary curvatures of the spine?

A

Cervical
Lumbar

69
Q

Where does kyphosis happen?

A

Thoracic (primary)

70
Q

Where does lordosis happen?

A

Lumbar (secondar)

71
Q

Where does Ewing sarcoma happen/

A

Diaphysis of long bone
*malignant

72
Q

Are the majority of bone tumors malignant?

A

Yes

73
Q

What is muscular dystrophy?

A

Group of genetic disorders involving degeneration of skeletal muscle

74
Q

What is Duchenne’s?

A

A type of muscular dystrophy
*X-linked inheritance
*Deficit of the protein dystrophin

75
Q

What is primary fibromyalgia?

A

Increased sensitiivty of nocioceptors
*18 trigger points
*increased sensitivity to substance P

Patho (9 decks)

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