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Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

Stimulates osteoblasts

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2
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do?

A

Stimulates osteoclasts
*increases blood calcium levels

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3
Q

What environment do condryocytes thrive in?

A

Low 02

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4
Q

How do condryoblasts become condrocytes?

A

When they become entrapped by the matrix that they secreted
*watery matrix
*protein sugar molecule

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5
Q

What is the job of the condryocytes/

A

Grown-up cartilage cells
*responsible for maintain cartilage matrix

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6
Q

What happens next after the cohondrocytes are made?

A

A blood vessels starts to grow near the cartilage pieces
*the BV has progenitor cells, and osteoblasts

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7
Q

What is an osteogenic bud?

A

Osteoblasts and Blood vessel

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8
Q

What erodes the cartilage pieces that were created?

A

The osteogenic bud
*brings a lot of blood into the cartilage

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9
Q

Once the blood vessel brings blood to erode the cartilage pierce how does the environment change?

A

There will be an increase in O2 levels

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10
Q

What will happen to the condrocytes if there is high o2?

A

They will die
*will be a cartilaginous frame with holes in it where condryocytes used to live

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11
Q

What environment do osteoblasts like to live in?

A

High o2
-will go into the small holes that were created

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12
Q

What is the job of osteoblasts?

A

Responsible for turning things into bone

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13
Q

What is responsible for osteoblasts to make a convergence from cartilage matrix to bone?

A

Mineral
O2
Nutrients
Collagen

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14
Q

What happens if there is not enough o2?

A

Bone become brittle

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15
Q

What happens if there is collagen but no minerals?

A

Flexible

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16
Q

once the bony matrix is established what happens?

A

There will be a marrow cavity
*filled with progenitor cells
*making formed elements of the blood

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17
Q

What is the primary ossification?

A

The first area of a bone that starts to ossifying
*Middle of bone
*1st place that the osteogenic bud is going to make contact with the condrocytes of the cartilage

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18
Q

What is cortical bone?

A

The dense outer surface of the bone that forms a protective layer around the internal cavity

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19
Q

What is a secondary ossification center?

A

Appears at the epiphyses
*or edges/ends of bones

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20
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate?

A

Separate bone shaft from bony ends
*thin layer of cartilage
*lies betwen the epiphyses and metaphases
*Where the growth of long bones take place

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21
Q

What is the purpose of the epiphyseal plate?

A

Allows the bone to get longer and wider
*under control of the sex hormone
*responds better to testosterone

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22
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Covering of the bone
*supplies the bones with blood, nerve and cells

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23
Q

Who grows sooner girls or boys?

A

Girls: sooner, stop growing first
Boys: later, stop growing last

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24
Q

What helps kids grow?

A

The growth horomone which is secreted during sleep

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25
What cells are responsible for creating the bony matrix?
Osteocytes
26
What are osteoclasts derived from?
Macrophage precursors *secrete enzymes that will degrade the bony matrix
27
What is the purpose of osteoblasts?
Can create a bone matrix
28
What happens if we take away calcium from the bone?
Will demineralize the bone and weaken the bony matrix
29
What is an osteon?
Circular arrangement of cells around blood vessels *Blood vessel and all the cells they supply
30
What does calcitonin do?
Help regulate calcium levels in the blood by decreasing it
31
What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?
Rod-shaped Striated -multiple myoblasts (precursor muscle cells)
32
What is the endomysium?
Around myocytes *connective tissue *protect individual cells
33
What is the perimysium?
Around fascicles *Muscle cells bundle together
34
What is the epimysium?
Around the entire muscle
35
What is a alpha motor neuron?
Efferent *brings info from CNS out to cells telling them to contract
36
What is a motor unit?
A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
37
what does a neuromuscular junction utilizes?
Acetylecoline *for muscular contraction
38
What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?
Y-shaped *striated *multinucleated
39
What is the purpose of the intercalated disks for cardiac cells?
Will create communication
40
What is the PNS and SNS function of the heart?
PNS: Stop SNS: GO
41
What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?
Spindle *NOT STRIATED *contraction is slower and poor
42
What is the PNS and SNS function of smooth muscle?
PNS: GO SNS: STOP
43
What is the definition of oxygen debt?
The amount of oxygen required to remove the lactic acid and replace the body’s reserves of oxygen
44
What happens to smooth, skeletal, cardiac muscle during an O2 debt?
Smooth: will die Skeletal: can tolerate Cardiac: Will die within 30 secs
45
What is myoglobin
Protein found in striated muscles *skeletal *cardiac *Supply oxygen to cells in muscles
46
What is a tendon, ligament, and articulate capsule/
Tendon: connect muscle to bone (dense regular) Ligament: connect bone to bone Articulation capsule: Will make synovial fluid, lubricate the joint
47
What are the different types of joints?
Synarthroses: immovable (skull) Amphiarthroses: slightly movable (sternocostal) Diarthroses: Fully moveable (elbow, knee,etc)
48
What does an EMG do?
Measures the charge carried via the muscle fibers
49
What is the purpose of the creating kinase test?
Can be elevated if muscle cells are damaged
50
Which fracture if most common in kids?
Greenstick *closed *bending of bone
51
What does displaced mean for a bone?
Two fracture bone ends are no longer in alignment
52
What are the steps of bone healing?
1. Bleeding occurs 2. Hematoma forms (attracts osteoblasts, osteoclasts 3. Necrosis forms (areas of osteons that can’t get enough O2) 4. Bone collar is formed 5. Fibroblasts/condroblasts move into tissue 6. bony callus forms 7. Bone remodeling
53
What is compartment syndrome and where is it most common?
Increased pressure in extremities * will cause decreased blood flow, nerves get compressed *Happens in forearm and leg
54
What is Fat emboli
Occur from the marrow when pieces of the fatty marrow break off
55
What happens during epiphyseal plate damage?
Condylocytes quit dividing *During puberty
56
What is a sprain?
Tear in a ligament
57
What is a strain?
Tear in a tendon
58
What is an avulsion
Separation of tendon or ligament from a bony attachment *due to sudden force
59
What happens to a joint when torn?
Synovial fluid will leak, creating a cyst *cysts will interfere with joint mobility
60
How can you tell the difference from a partial or complete tear/
There will be a transition from skeletal muscle tissue to dense regular connective tissue
61
What is a first degree muscle tear?
Involve a small percentage of muscle fibers *no loss of strength or ROM
62
What is a second degree muscle tear?
Large tear (not complete) *pain is great and loss of strength and ROM
63
What is a third degree tear?
Complete thickness tear
64
How do rickets and osetomalacia happen?
Vitamin D deficit *decreased calcium reabsorption
65
What is pagets disease?
Malformation of bone re-modeling *happens in the elders *not malignant *bone over grows
66
What is oseteomyelitis?
Bone infection *bacteria in the vascular space *directly destroys the bone
67
What are the primary curvatures of the spine?
Thoracic Sacrum
68
What are the acquired or secondary curvatures of the spine?
Cervical Lumbar
69
Where does kyphosis happen?
Thoracic (primary)
70
Where does lordosis happen?
Lumbar (secondar)
71
Where does Ewing sarcoma happen/
Diaphysis of long bone *malignant
72
Are the majority of bone tumors malignant?
Yes
73
What is muscular dystrophy?
Group of genetic disorders involving degeneration of skeletal muscle
74
What is Duchenne’s?
A type of muscular dystrophy *X-linked inheritance *Deficit of the protein dystrophin
75
What is primary fibromyalgia?
Increased sensitiivty of nocioceptors *18 trigger points *increased sensitivity to substance P

Patho (9 decks)

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