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patho > Cardiovascular Part 2 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is sick sinus syndrome?

A

The heart is alternating from brady to tachycardia
*Will often require pacemaker treatment

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2
Q

What are premature atrial contractions?

A

Ectopic beats of the atria (Palpitations)

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3
Q

What is atrial flutter/ (atrial conduction abnormalities)

A

Atrial rate of 160-35 bpm
*The heart is contracting out of sync

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4
Q

What happens when the heart is contracting out of sync?

A

Increase risk of clot formation

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5
Q

What happens during an AV node abnormalities: heart blocks?

A

Conduction is excessively delayed or stopped at the AV node

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6
Q

What i a first degree AV node (block)

A

Conduction delay prolongs the time between atrial and ventricular contractions

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7
Q

What is a second degree AV node (heart block)

A

Longer delay = missed ventricular contraction

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8
Q

What is a total AV node heart block?

A

Ventricles contract spontaneously at 30-45 bpm

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9
Q

What are some symptoms of AV node (heart blocks)

A

Dizziness
Fainting
Fatigue

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10
Q

What are the different ventricular conduction abnormalities? (MOST SEVERE)

A
  1. Bundle branch block
  2. Ventricular tachycardia
  3. Ventricular fibrillation
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11
Q

What is a bundle branch block?

A

Interference with conduction of one of the bundle branche s

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12
Q

What happens during ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation?

A

*MOST SEVERE
*will reduce the CO
*Death

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13
Q

What is cardiac arrest?

A

Cessation of all cardiac electrical activity

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14
Q

What happens during congestive heart failure?

A

It is a ventricular problem
*Increased resistance, peripheral vascular disease

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15
Q

Which type of heart failure is most common?

A

Left sided

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16
Q

How does left sided heart failure happen?

A

B/c of a hypertrophic heart

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17
Q

What are some symptoms of left sided heart failure?

A

Cyanosis
Fatigue
Pulmonary congestion
Orthopena

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18
Q

What should you ask when you’re suspecting someone with left sided heart failure?

A

How are you sleeping
*They will sleep sitting up right

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19
Q

What is right sided heart failure induced by?

A

Left sided heart failure

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20
Q

What are some symptoms of right sided heart failure?

A
  1. Swollen hands and feet
  2. Skin discolorations
  3. External jugular vein distention
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21
Q

Who is more vulnerable to right sided heart failure?

A

COPD
*B/c it impacts the pulmonary circulation

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22
Q

What are the steps to embryonic formation of the heart?

A
  1. Start with a heart tube
  2. The heart tube will twist and fold
  3. While this is happening it is changing attachments to vessels coming to it
  4. Folding and twisting gives rise to grin up heart appearance
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23
Q

Can an infant be okay with congenital heart defects?

A

No they are usually catastrophic for infant survival
*SOME can be managed pre-natally

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24
Q

At what week during development is everything done developing?

A

8

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25
Q

What part of the heart has a spiral appearance?

A
  1. Pulmonary trunk
  2. Aorta
    *Myocardium generates a spiral heart
26
Q

What does an atrial septal defect do for fetal life?

A

Allows for blood to by-pass the pulmonary circuit on
*Normal during fetal and embryonic life

27
Q

How does the intro-atrial septum form when the baby is born?

A
  1. Part of the wall is growing downwards
  2. Part of the wall is growing upwards
28
Q

What holds the atrial septal walls away from each other?

A
  1. The pressure differential of the circulation
29
Q

What allows the intra-atrial septum to touch each other?

A

The pressure shift in the pulmonary circulation
*It will close the intra-atrial gap

30
Q

What is a Patent Foramen Ovale?

A

Defect-mild
1. Continued atrial communication
2. Intra-atrial defect

31
Q

What happens when the Fossa Ovalis does not close

A

PFO
*The pressure differential after brith is going to force contents of the left atrium into the right atrium

32
Q

What happens to the blood during a PFO?

A

The already oxygenated blood that has just returned from the lungs is going back into the pulmonary circulation instead of the systemic circulation

33
Q

What is wrong with having a PFO?

A

The PFO is not allowing the oxygenated blood to go to the rest of the body
*cyanosis will happen

34
Q

Why does cyanosis happen to kids with PFO?

A

B/c the hemoglobin that is visible is de-oxy hemoglobin

35
Q

What does the presence of a PFO cause?

A

Turbulent blood flow in the atria

36
Q

What does turbulent blood flow in the atria cause?

A

Bruits
*the blood will want to clot
*The clotting factors want to come to the area and are activated

37
Q

What are people with a PFO more susceptible to?

A

Blood clots and strokes

38
Q

Is it okay if a ventricular septal defect happens?

A

NO they should never be there
*The ventricular needs to be a solid entity
*harder to repair

39
Q

What will happen if there is a ventricular septal defect?

A

Problems w/ the electrical part of the heart

40
Q

What is an angenisis valvular defect?

A

Never formed to begin with

41
Q

What is a dysgenesis valvular defect?

A

Valve formed but formed incorrectly

42
Q

What do valvular defects cause?

A

Murmurs

43
Q

What is the most serious congential defect?

A

Transposition of vessels

44
Q

What happens during a transportation of vessels defect?

A
  1. The aorta is attached to the right ventricle
  2. The Pulmonary truncated attach to the aorta
45
Q

During a transportation of vessels congenital defect where does the oxygenated blood get delivered to?

A
  1. It is impossible for the heart to deliver O2 blood to the systemic circulation
46
Q

What is the main cause of post-natal death ?

A

Transportation of vessels

47
Q

Is the heart easy to infect?

A

No
*b/c of its muscular connective tissue
*B/c its apart of a closed system

48
Q

What causes rheumatic fever and infective endocarditis?

A

Strep (bacterial infection)

49
Q

What happens during rheumatic fever?

A
  1. Strep gains access to the system circulation through the tonsils
  2. Can move through the tonsils and gain access to the heart
  3. Death window
50
Q

what happens during infective endocarditis?

A
  1. Infection of the heart chambers
51
Q

What should someone with infective endocarditis be given before dental work?

A

Prophylactic antibiotics

52
Q

Who is most prone to infective endocarditis?

A
  1. Immunocompromised
  2. IV drug users
53
Q

What is the most common way to get infected by Pericarditis?

A
  1. Virus
  2. Bacteria
54
Q

What is Pericarditis?

A
  1. Infections of membranes outside the heart
  2. The pericardium is innervated, so this hurts a lot
55
Q

What causes Janeway lesions?

A
  1. Septic emboli
    *clotting factors in the blood are messed up b/c of the infections
56
Q

What are the physical findings of janeway lesions?

A

Petechiae
*Microbleeds
*problem with the clotting
*blood is clotting in some places but leaky in other

57
Q

Is it okay if you have janeway lesions

A

No you will die

58
Q

What can cause aneurysms?

A
  1. Congential
  2. There is weakness of the blood vessel wall it is very thin
  3. Only problem if it ruptures
59
Q

What is thrombophlebitis?

A

Inflammation of the vein
*Complicated with a clot
*Achy burning, hard to walk

60
Q

Why do varicose veins happen?

A
  1. B/c of the low pressure system w/ the valves
  2. The veins lose integrity
61
Q

Why are the lower extremities more susceptible to varicose veins ?

A
  1. B/c of the weight bearing
  2. The pressure from the veins to return the blood is much greater

patho (9 decks)

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