URINARY 1

Question 1

Name the components of the urinary system

Answer 1

KIDNEY

URETER

BLADDER

URETHRA

Question 2

What vertebrae span the kidneys

Answer 2

T12-L3

Question 3

What level does the kidney hilum lie at?

Answer 3

L1, Transpyloric Plane

Question 4

Contents of the Kidney hilum

Answer 4

RENAL PELVIS
RENAL ART
RENAL VEIN

Question 5

Surrounding fat of the kidneys

Answer 5

deep-superficial

Renal capsule – tough fibrous capsule.

Perirenal fat – collection of extraperitoneal fat.

Renal fascia (also known as Gerota’s fascia or perirenal fascia) – encloses the kidneys and the suprarenal glands.

Pararenal fat – mainly located on the posterolateral aspect of the kidney.

Question 6

What muscles are found posterior to the kidneys?

Answer 6

TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS (most lateral posterior surface)

QUADRATUS LUMBORUM

PSOAS Mj. (most medial posterior surface)

Question 7

Nerve supply of the kidneys

Answer 7

Parasymp = vagus n.

Symp = T12-L1 via coeliac. ganglia

Question 8

At what vertebral level are the paired renal arteries given off from the abdominal area?

Answer 8

L1-L2

Question 9

Significance of the Left Renal Vein?

Answer 9

Much longer compared to the R Renal Vein and also drains the Left Gonadal Vein (whereas the R Gonadal Vein drains directly into the IVC)

Question 10

What are the 3 points of constrictions in the ureters and what are their significances?

Answer 10

1. UTEROPELVIC JUNCTION
2. UTERAL CROSSING OF ILIAC VESSELS
3. UTEROVESICAL JUNCTION
   * where calculi may lodge

Question 11

Which LN do the kidneys drain into?

Answer 11

lateral aortic (or para-aortic) lymph nodes, which are located at the origin of the renal arteries.

Question 12

What epithelial lining lines the bladder?

Answer 12

Transitional epithelium
then
LAMINA PROPRIA
SUBMUCOSA
DETRUSOR MUSCLE

Question 13

What muscle covers the bladder wall?

Answer 13

Detrusor muscle (Hypogastric N T10-12)

Question 14

Major features of the bladder

Answer 14

TRIGONE found on the FUNDUS
URETERIC MEATUSES
BLADDER NECK: anterior and associated w/ pubic symphysis

Question 15

Arterial and Venous Supply of the Bladder

Answer 15

Superior vesical branch of the internal iliac arteries

vesical venous plexus, which empties into the internal iliac veins

Question 16

Lymphatics of the Bladder

Answer 16

external iliac lymph nodes

neck and fundus drain into the internal iliac, sacral and common iliac nodes.

Question 17

Nervous SUpply of the Bladder

Answer 17

Sympathetic – hypogastric nerve (T12 – L2). It causes relaxation of the detrusor muscle, promoting urine retention.

Parasympathetic – pelvic nerve (S2-S4). Increased signals from this nerve causes contraction of the detrusor muscle, stimulating micturition.

Somatic – pudendal nerve (S2-4). It innervates the external urethral sphincter, providing voluntary control over micturition.

Question 18

Significance of the apex and embryological structures

Answer 18

APEX is connected to the umbilicus by the median umbilical ligament, a REMNANT OF THE URACHUS