Urinalysis - Macroscopic Examination Flashcards by Gilbert Villegas

Urine Average Daily Output

1200 - 1500 ml
600-2000 ml

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Major ORGANIC Component

Urea

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Major INORGANIC Component

Chloride

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Routine Analysis - Specimen Collection

Capacity: ______
Required Volume: _______
Average Volume: _______

Specimen Collection

Routine Urinalysis - Capacity: 50 mL
Required Volume: 10 - 15 mL
Average Volume: 12 mL

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Drug Analysis - Specimen Collection

Capacity: ______
Required Volume: _______
Average Volume: ______
Temperature: ______
Adulterant: ______

Drug Analysis - Specimen Collection

Capacity: 60 mL
Required Volume: 30 - 45 mL
Average Volume: 37.5 mL
Temperature: 32.5 - 37.7 C; checked within 4 minutes
Adulterant: Water, Methylene Blue

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After collection specimen should be delivered and processed within ____ hours

2 hours

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Increased - Changes in Unpreserved Urine
Mnemonics: phaBaON

pH
Bacteria
Odor
Nitrite

*Darkened Color

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Least affected analyte in Unpreserved urine

Protein

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Routine Method of Urine preservation

Refrigeration (2C - 8C)

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Preserves Protein, and used for Culture & Sensitivity

Boric Acid

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Best Sediment preservative and used for Addis Count

Formalin

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Preservative that prevent glycolysis and used for Drug Analysis

Sodium Fluoride

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Preservative in Cytology Studies

Saccomano Fixative

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Specimen in Routine Urinalysis

Random Urine Specimen

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Ideal Specimen for Routine UA & Pregnancy Test, Crystal identification

First Morning Urine

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Used for Evaluation for Orthostatic Proteinuria

First Morning Urine

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Most sterile specimen

Suprapubic Needle Aspiration

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Sterile Specimens used for Culture

Midstream Clean Catch
Catheterized
Suprapubic

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Specimen for Addis Count

12 hr Urine Specimen

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Specimen for Urobilinogen

2 hr specimen (2pm - 4pm)

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Specimen for Nitrite

4 hr specimen

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Specimen for Glucose or Diabetic monitoring

2nd morning or Fasting

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3 Glass Collection

Prostatitis specimen

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Negative Control for Prostatitis specimen

Tube 2

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Interpret: Tube 2 - High Bacteria

UTI Invalid Test

Interpret: Tube 3 - 10x higher bacteria than Tube 1

Prostatic Infection

Major Urine Pigment

Urochrome

Oxidation product of Urobilinogen

Urobilin

Pink pigment

Uroerythrin

Dar Yellow Urine

Concentrated Dehydration

Orange Urine with Yellow Foam/Tea colored urine

Bilirubin

Orange Urine (viscous) with Orange Foam

Phenazopyridine

Portwine Urine

Porphyrins

Green Urine

P. aeroginosa Phenol

Black Urine

Methemoglobin (Acidic) Melanin (exposed to air exposure) Homogentisic Acid (Alkaline)

Cloudy Red Urine

Intact RBC

Clear Red Urine

Hemoglobin

Normal Urine Odor

Aromatic

Odorless

Acute Tubular Necrosis

Caramelized sugar, curry, maple syrup

MSUD

Ammoniacal/Pungent

Old Urine , UTI

Mousy/musty

Phenylketonuria

Rancid Odor

Tyrosinemia

Cabbage/hops

Methionine malabsorption

Sweaty feet/Acrid:

Isovaleric/Glutaric acidemia

Bleach

Contamination

No visible particles

Clear

Hazy

Few particulates, Print easily seen

Many particulates, Print turbid

Cloudy

Turbid

Print cannot be seen

Milky

Precipitate/Clotted

Correlations of Urine Turbidity Acidic Urine: Alkaline Urine:

Acidic Urine: Amorphous Urates, Radiographic Contrast Media Alkaline Urine: Amorphous phosphates, Carbonates

Correlations of Urine Turbidity - Soluble in Heat

Amorphous Urates Uric Acid Crystal

Correlations of Urine Turbidity Soluble in Dilute acetic Acid: Insoluble in Dilute Acetic Acid:

Correlations of Urine Turbidity Soluble in Dilute acetic Acid: RBCs, Amorphous phosphates, Carbonates Insoluble in Dilute Acetic Acid: WBCs, Yeast, Spermatozoa

Specific Gravity of the plasma filtrate entering the glomerulus

1.010

Specific Gravity Normal Random SG: Common Random SG: Not Urine SG:

Specific Gravity Normal Random SG: 1.002 - 1.035 Common Random SG: 1.015 - 1.030 Not Urine SG: < 1.002

Water Specific Gravity

1.000

Requires Temperature Correction and Glucose, Protein Correction

Urinometry

Urinometry Volume Required: Calibrator Temperature; Calibrator:

Urinometry Volume Required: 10 - 15 mL Calibrator Temperature: 20C Calibrator: Potassium Sulfate (K2SO4)

Temperature Corrections > 20C: < 20C:

Temperature Corrections > 20C: + 0.001 every 3C < 20C: - 0.001 every 3C

Glucose and Protein Correction 1 g/dL Glucose: ______ 1 g/dL Protein: ______

Glucose and Protein Correction 1 g/dL Glucose: - 0.004 1 g/dL Protein: - 0.003

Refractometer Required Volume: Calibrators:

Refractometer Required Volume: 1-2 drops Calibrators: DW - 1.000 5% NaCl - 1.022 9% Sucrose - 1.034

Principle of Refractometry

Compares the velocity of light in the AIR and velocity of light in the SOLUTION