Urinalysis

Question 1

Define urinalysis

Answer 1

the analysis of the physical, chemical and microscopic characteristics of urine and measures urine volume

Question 2

What are 3 types of tests that can be performed involving urinalysis?

Answer 2

• specific gravity
• osmolarity
• pH

Question 3

Define specific gravtiy

Answer 3

weight of a volume of substance divided by weight of same volume of water = the ratio of the density of substance to distilled water

Question 4

What does the specific gravity test indicate?

Answer 4

amount of “stuff” in substance

Question 5

What is the range of urine’s specific gravity?

Answer 5

~1.001 - 1.035

Question 6

Why is urine’s SG greater than 1?

Answer 6

density of urine is greater than water’s density of 1 bc it has substances in it

Question 7

What is the relationship between SG and urine concentration?

Answer 7

the greater the concentration, the greater the SG

Question 8

Define the osmolarity test

Answer 8

a measure of the total number of dissolved particles per liter of solution

Question 9

Define hyperosmotic

Answer 9

higher solute concentration bc lower H2O concentration

Question 10

Define hypoosmotic

Answer 10

Lower solute concentration bc higher H2O concentration

Question 11

Which way will water flow if a solution has a high and low osmolarity?

Answer 11

high: water moves towards high osmolarity
low: water moves away from low osmolarity

Question 12

What is the pH range of urine?

Answer 12

4.6-8

Question 13

What two hormones regulate the nephron?

Answer 13

ADH and aldosterone

Question 14

What is the function of ADH?

Answer 14

increases water reabsorption by facultative water reabsorption

Question 15

define facultative reabsorption

Answer 15

increasing water in the DCT and CD by inserting more aquaporins in the membrane

Question 16

Where is ADH synthesized?

Answer 16

posterior pituitary of the hypothalamus

Question 17

What does facultative resabsorption do to blood osmolarity, blood pressure and blood volume?

Answer 17

osmolarity- decreases

pressure - increases

volume - increases

Question 18

What condition stimulates the secretion of ADH?

Answer 18

dehydration and hemorrhaging

Question 19

What does dehydration and hemorrhaging do to blood osmolarity, blood pressure and blood volume?

Answer 19

osmolarity - increases

pressure - decreases

volume - decreases

Question 20

The intake of what substance can decrease the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary?

Answer 20

alcohol

Question 21

What is the consequence of alcohol?

Answer 21

less facultative reabsorption leads to dilute urine

Question 22

What is the function of aldosterone?

Answer 22

Increases reabsorption of Na+, Cl- and H2O and secretion of K+

Question 23

Define obligatory reabsorption

Answer 23

Increases activity of Na+ transporters in DCT and CD –> increase in Na+ resabsorption –> water follows through osmosis

*H2O is obligated to follow Na+

Question 24

The intake of what substance inhibits Na+ reabsorption in the DCT and CD?

Answer 24

caffeine

Question 25

What is the consequence of caffeine?

Answer 25

less obligatory reabsorption –> dilute urine

Question 26

define diuretic

Answer 26

something that causes increased passing of urine

Question 27

define isosmotic

Answer 27

having the same osmotic pressure