urinalysis

Question 1

nitrates

Answer 1

gram neg bacterial UTI

Question 2

proteins

Answer 2

proteinuria= glomerular disease such as nephrotic syndrome

Question 3

glucose

Answer 3

diabetes mellitus

Question 4

blood

Answer 4

infection, tumour, UTI, trauma.
contamination from menstruation
could be false positive if person consumed lots of Vit C

Question 5

urobilinogen

Answer 5

Normally 0.2-1.0. Elevation suggests haemolytic jaundice

Question 6

leukocytes

Answer 6

UTI

Question 7

ketones

Answer 7

starvation, diabetes, diabetic ketoacidosis

Question 8

bilirubin

Answer 8

Obstructive jaundice (gallstone in common bile duct)

Question 9

ph

Answer 9

Normally 5.7-6.5. Alkaline suggests renal tubular acidosis.

Question 10

specific gravity (aka osmolarity of urine. water has spec grav of 1)

Answer 10

Normally 1.002-1.025.
Low: chronic renal failure, diabetes insipidus
High: dehydration, diabetes