Urinalysis 2 Flashcards
For most of the routine investigations fresh mid stream specimen of _____urine is collected in a clean dry vial
10-20 ml
T or F| There is no single all purpose preservative
True wlaa
For determination of urea, ammonia, nitrogen and calcium
Hydrochloric acid is used (2 N or concentrated HCL)
For determination of sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, calcium, phosphorus, urea, ammonia, amino acids, creatinine, proteins, reducing substances and ketone bodies-____is used
Thymol
For determination of Ascorbic acid- ________is used
Acetic acid
is a very satisfactory preservative for urine
Toluene
Normal urine contains ______ water and about_____ G/day of solid
90-95 %
60
Colour- Freshly excreted urine is
colorless to straw colored
The normal color of urine is due to the presence of pigment
urochrome
Trances of other substances, such as-(4) also contribute to the color of urine
Uroerythrin
urobilin
uroporphyrin
coproporphyrins
• Concentrated urine- Mild dehydration
• Vitamin B complex therapy
Dark yellow
Drug induced
Orange
Excessive beet root intake
Pinkish
Jaundice
Deep yellow
Haematuria
Reddish
Hemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria and porphyrias
Brownish
Alkaptonuria
Brown to Black
Pus cells and bacteria in infected cells
Cloudy
Red blood cells
Smoky
Iron therapy
Black
Presence of urobilin – Hemolytic anemias
Pinkish brown
Chyluria(Presence of fat globules)
Milky white
Volume of urine
Normal volume-________ml/day
with an average of_____ ml/day.
800-2,500
1500
Approximately____ ml/day is the minimum volume of urine needed in normal health to remove waste products
500
The volume of urine is affected by:
•Fluid intake
•Fluid loss
•Type of diet
•Cardio-vascular status and
•Renal functions
implies an increased volume of urine excreted per day, generally volume of urine exceeding 2,500 ml/day is termed as Polyuria.
Polyuria
- Volume of urine less than 500 ml/day is termed oliguria.
Oliguria
- Complete cessation of urine or volume of excreted urine less than 100 ml/day.
Anuria
indicates the concentrating ability of the kidneys.
specific gravity
In normal health the urinary specific gravity ranges between _______the average being____.
1.016-1.025
1.020
Measures specific gravity
Urinometer
Odor of urine
• Normal urine has an_____ odor
aromatic
Odor - On keeping sample for a long time
Ammoniacal Odor
Odor - Ketonuria such as Diabetic ketoacidosis or starvation
Acetone like Odor
______ Smell due to bacterial infections
Foul smell
Normal urine is acidic
pH ranges between______ with a mean of——- in 24 hours
4.5-8.0
6.0
pH
• A protein rich diet
• Heavy exercise
Acidic
pH
• Heavy meals
• Diet rich in citrus fruits
• Excessive intake of milk and antacids
Alkaline
pH
Pathologically , It is found in conditions of acidosis,
such as diabetic ketoacidosis, respiratory acidosis, and high fever (break down of tissue proteins)
Acidic
pH
Pathologically, it is found in-
• Urinary tract infections
• Conditions of alkalosis
Alkaline
Urinary pH is measured by-
• pH papers
• Litmus papers
