Urinalysis

Question 1

how long is urine good for after being collected?

Answer 1

lasts 30 min room temp, 6 hours in fridge
fresh is best!!

Question 2

uria

Answer 2

in urine

Question 3

pyuria

Answer 3

WBCs in urine

Question 4

pollakiuria

Answer 4

increased scanty urination, small amounts

Question 5

polyuria

Answer 5

increased output/production

Question 6

oliguira

Answer 6

decreased production/elimination
seen in shock, dehydration, renal failure

Question 7

anuria

Answer 7

absence of urine
seen in renal failure, obstruction

Question 8

continence

Answer 8

storage of urine in bladder

Question 9

incontinence

Answer 9

frequent dribbling

Question 10

micturition

Answer 10

emptying bladder, act of urinating

Question 11

dysuria

Answer 11

difficulty/pain with urination

Question 12

kidney functions

Answer 12

glomerular filtration: filters out large molecules and cells
tubule reabsorption: recycles useful substances
tubule secretion: rids body of harmful substances

Question 13

collection methods

Answer 13

free catch voided or bladder expression, urinary catheter, cystocentesis

Question 14

free catch voided pros and cons

Answer 14

pros: non-invasive, can use almost anything to catch, clients can collect
cons: possible contamination, want to catch midstream, can’t use for culture

Question 15

free catch bladder expression pros and cons

Answer 15

pros: don’t have to wait for voided sample
cons: expression not always successful, contamination, not for culture, too much pressure can cause trauma, potential for bladder rupture
*don’t do for potentially blocked patients

Question 16

urinary catheter pros and cons

Answer 16

pros: sterile - can be used for culture, can get sample when volume is low
cons: potential for trauma and infection, challenging in females

Question 17

cystocentesis +/- ultrasound pros and cons

Answer 17

pros: sterile - can use for culture, less risk of infection than catheterization
cons: requires full bladder, may require ultrasound use, may see hematuria
*don’t stick needle in tube after it’s been in patient

Question 18

what are the parts of a urinalysis?

Answer 18

characteristics: color, odor, turbidity
chemical characteristics: dip stick, sediment, specific gravity, culture (not always done)

Question 19

urine colors

Answer 19

colorless/pale: dilute
yellow/straw: normal
dark yellow: concentrated
red: hematuria/hemoglobinuria
brown: methemoglobin or myoglobinuria (muscle protein)
orange: bilirubinuria

Question 20

urine odors

Answer 20

mild ammonia smell is normal
bacteria causes malodorous urine
fruity smell: diabetes, DKA

Question 21

turbidity

Answer 21

cloudiness of urine
dog/cat normal = clear
equine normal = cloudy
when evaluating make sure urine is room temp and well mixed
common terms to describe: clear, hazy, cloudy, turbid, flocculent (precipitate in sample)

Question 22

specific gravity

Answer 22

refractometer measures density of urine relative to distilled water which is 1.000
normal = 1.002-1.080
concentrated = > 1.015

Question 23

urine chemistries

Answer 23

leukocytes, nitrite, urobilinogen, ketone, bilirubin, glucose, protein
Ictotest
high levels (3-4+) is associated with glomerular disease
seen with fever, severe exercise, shock

Question 24

urine pH

Answer 24

< 7: acidic and > 7: alkaline
cats/dogs normal = 6-7.5
cystitis (UTI) = alkaline pH
prolonged storage and increased bacteria raises pH

Question 25

occult blood

Answer 25

dilute or alkaline urine may lyse RBCs myoglobinuria = muscle damage centrifugation hematuria = supernatant usually colorless hemoglobinuria/myoglobinuria = supernatant remains reddish

Question 26

how does color of the urine affect tests?

Answer 26

highly pigmented sample affects chemical tests centrifuge sample 1st then run dipstick on supernatant SG isn't affected, can run before or after centrifuge

Question 27

urine sediment

Answer 27

centrifuge for 5-6 mins in conical tube discard supernatant pipet 1 drop on slide with coverslip and read under 40x with condensor position low

Question 28

how many erythrocytes and leukocytes per HPF are normal?

Answer 28

up to 5/HPF are normal

Question 29

when would you see an increase in WBCs in urine?

Answer 29

when there is an infection

Question 30

casts

Answer 30

caused by TAMM-Horsfall protein cylindrical shaped because they are formed in the renal tubules most indicate renal changes: renal irritation, renal inflammation, renal degeneration

Question 31

hyaline casts

Answer 31

smooth, colorless, can be hard to see, sometimes seen in healthy animals

Question 32

cellular casts

Answer 32

indicate renal injury can see epithelial cells or leukocytes in them

Question 33

granular casts

Answer 33

degraded cellular casts, textured appearance (fine or coarse)

Question 34

fatty casts

Answer 34

refractile lipid droplets make up the cast

Question 35

waxy casts

Answer 35

final stage of degradation, smooth and refractile, easier to see than hyaline

Question 36

what are the stages of degradation of casts?

Answer 36

cellular - granular - waxy

Question 37

crystalluria

Answer 37

crystals seen in urine form when substances are supersaturated in urine affected by pH, SG, time between collection and reading (artifact) some crystals indicate disease can be seen with uroliths

Question 38

struvite crystals

Answer 38

aka triple phosphate crystals can be seen in healthy animals most common in dogs/cats pH: any appearance: coffin lids, large 3D prisms

Question 39

calcium oxalate crystals

Answer 39

dihydrate: may be seen in healthy animals monohydrate: indicates ethylene glycol ingestion - in biofreeze

Question 40

calcium carbonate crystals

Answer 40

common in healthy horses, rabbits, guinea pigs, goats most common horse crystal not seen in dog/cat pH: neutral or alkaline appearance: round to oval, striations, clear to yellow-brown, smaller crystals clump in pairs or triads

Question 41

amorphous crystals

Answer 41

finely granular material without shape types: phosphate (pH: alkaline), urate (pH: acidic)

Question 42

bilirubin crystals

Answer 42

needle-like, yellow, normal in dogs, abnormal in others

Question 43

crystine crystals

Answer 43

colorless, hexagons, urolithiasis

Question 44

ammonium urate crystals

Answer 44

ammonium biurate, brown and round, occasional projections, "thorny apple" common in Dalmatians and Bulldogs indicates liver dz

Question 45

other findings in urine sediment that are normal

Answer 45

fat droplets, spermatozoa, fungal contaminants/pollen, starch crystals from gloves

Question 46

TNTC

Answer 46

too numerous to count for quantifying

Question 47

urine culture and sensitivity

Answer 47

not part of standard urinalysis sample collection matters: only use cysto or catheter patient shouldn't be on antibiotics tests which antibiotics bacteria is sensitive or resistant to