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Clinical Pathology > Urinalysis > Flashcards

Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

how long is urine good for after being collected?

A

lasts 30 min room temp, 6 hours in fridge
fresh is best!!

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2
Q

uria

A

in urine

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3
Q

pyuria

A

WBCs in urine

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4
Q

pollakiuria

A

increased scanty urination, small amounts

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5
Q

polyuria

A

increased output/production

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6
Q

oliguira

A

decreased production/elimination
seen in shock, dehydration, renal failure

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7
Q

anuria

A

absence of urine
seen in renal failure, obstruction

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8
Q

continence

A

storage of urine in bladder

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9
Q

incontinence

A

frequent dribbling

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10
Q

micturition

A

emptying bladder, act of urinating

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11
Q

dysuria

A

difficulty/pain with urination

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12
Q

kidney functions

A

glomerular filtration: filters out large molecules and cells
tubule reabsorption: recycles useful substances
tubule secretion: rids body of harmful substances

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13
Q

collection methods

A

free catch voided or bladder expression, urinary catheter, cystocentesis

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14
Q

free catch voided pros and cons

A

pros: non-invasive, can use almost anything to catch, clients can collect
cons: possible contamination, want to catch midstream, can’t use for culture

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15
Q

free catch bladder expression pros and cons

A

pros: don’t have to wait for voided sample
cons: expression not always successful, contamination, not for culture, too much pressure can cause trauma, potential for bladder rupture
*don’t do for potentially blocked patients

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16
Q

urinary catheter pros and cons

A

pros: sterile - can be used for culture, can get sample when volume is low
cons: potential for trauma and infection, challenging in females

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17
Q

cystocentesis +/- ultrasound pros and cons

A

pros: sterile - can use for culture, less risk of infection than catheterization
cons: requires full bladder, may require ultrasound use, may see hematuria
*don’t stick needle in tube after it’s been in patient

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18
Q

what are the parts of a urinalysis?

A

characteristics: color, odor, turbidity
chemical characteristics: dip stick, sediment, specific gravity, culture (not always done)

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19
Q

urine colors

A

colorless/pale: dilute
yellow/straw: normal
dark yellow: concentrated
red: hematuria/hemoglobinuria
brown: methemoglobin or myoglobinuria (muscle protein)
orange: bilirubinuria

20
Q

urine odors

A

mild ammonia smell is normal
bacteria causes malodorous urine
fruity smell: diabetes, DKA

21
Q

turbidity

A

cloudiness of urine
dog/cat normal = clear
equine normal = cloudy
when evaluating make sure urine is room temp and well mixed
common terms to describe: clear, hazy, cloudy, turbid, flocculent (precipitate in sample)

22
Q

specific gravity

A

refractometer measures density of urine relative to distilled water which is 1.000
normal = 1.002-1.080
concentrated = > 1.015

23
Q

urine chemistries

A

leukocytes, nitrite, urobilinogen, ketone, bilirubin, glucose, protein
Ictotest
high levels (3-4+) is associated with glomerular disease
seen with fever, severe exercise, shock

24
Q

urine pH

A

< 7: acidic and > 7: alkaline
cats/dogs normal = 6-7.5
cystitis (UTI) = alkaline pH
prolonged storage and increased bacteria raises pH

25
Q

occult blood

A

dilute or alkaline urine may lyse RBCs
myoglobinuria = muscle damage
centrifugation hematuria = supernatant usually colorless
hemoglobinuria/myoglobinuria = supernatant remains reddish

26
Q

how does color of the urine affect tests?

A

highly pigmented sample affects chemical tests
centrifuge sample 1st then run dipstick on supernatant
SG isn’t affected, can run before or after centrifuge

27
Q

urine sediment

A

centrifuge for 5-6 mins in conical tube
discard supernatant
pipet 1 drop on slide with coverslip and read under 40x with condensor position low

28
Q

how many erythrocytes and leukocytes per HPF are normal?

A

up to 5/HPF are normal

29
Q

when would you see an increase in WBCs in urine?

A

when there is an infection

30
Q

casts

A

caused by TAMM-Horsfall protein
cylindrical shaped because they are formed in the renal tubules
most indicate renal changes: renal irritation, renal inflammation, renal degeneration

31
Q

hyaline casts

A

smooth, colorless, can be hard to see, sometimes seen in healthy animals

32
Q

cellular casts

A

indicate renal injury
can see epithelial cells or leukocytes in them

33
Q

granular casts

A

degraded cellular casts, textured appearance (fine or coarse)

34
Q

fatty casts

A

refractile lipid droplets make up the cast

35
Q

waxy casts

A

final stage of degradation, smooth and refractile, easier to see than hyaline

36
Q

what are the stages of degradation of casts?

A

cellular - granular - waxy

37
Q

crystalluria

A

crystals seen in urine form when substances are supersaturated in urine
affected by pH, SG, time between collection and reading (artifact)
some crystals indicate disease
can be seen with uroliths

38
Q

struvite crystals

A

aka triple phosphate crystals
can be seen in healthy animals
most common in dogs/cats
pH: any
appearance: coffin lids, large 3D prisms

39
Q

calcium oxalate crystals

A

dihydrate: may be seen in healthy animals
monohydrate: indicates ethylene glycol ingestion - in biofreeze

40
Q

calcium carbonate crystals

A

common in healthy horses, rabbits, guinea pigs, goats
most common horse crystal
not seen in dog/cat
pH: neutral or alkaline
appearance: round to oval, striations, clear to yellow-brown, smaller crystals clump in pairs or triads

41
Q

amorphous crystals

A

finely granular material without shape
types: phosphate (pH: alkaline), urate (pH: acidic)

42
Q

bilirubin crystals

A

needle-like, yellow, normal in dogs, abnormal in others

43
Q

crystine crystals

A

colorless, hexagons, urolithiasis

44
Q

ammonium urate crystals

A

ammonium biurate, brown and round, occasional projections, “thorny apple”
common in Dalmatians and Bulldogs
indicates liver dz

45
Q

other findings in urine sediment that are normal

A

fat droplets, spermatozoa, fungal contaminants/pollen, starch crystals from gloves

46
Q

TNTC

A

too numerous to count
for quantifying

47
Q

urine culture and sensitivity

A

not part of standard urinalysis
sample collection matters: only use cysto or catheter
patient shouldn’t be on antibiotics
tests which antibiotics bacteria is sensitive or resistant to

Clinical Pathology (15 decks)

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