Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Pathology > Erythrocytes > Flashcards

Erythrocytes Flashcards

1
Q

erythropoiesis

A

formation of red blood cells
kidneys control secretion of EPO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how can erythropoietin effect red blood cell numbers?

A

anemia causes low O2 capacity of the RBCs and decreased tissue oxygenation
kidneys increase EPO secretion and stimulates RBC production which brings the RBC concentration back into normal range

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

hemoglobin

A

synthesized during RBC maturation
components: heme (iron), globin (amino acids)
Hgb bound to O2 = oxyhemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

red blood cell maturation

A

rubriblast —> prorubricyte —> rubricyte —> metarubricyte —> polychromatophil/reticulocyte —> erythrocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

when does the nucleus get taken out of a red blood cell?

A

between the metarubricyte and polychromatophil phases
polychromatophils don’t have a nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

when would a polychromatophil be called a reticulocyte?

A

when seen in a new methylene blue stain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

corrected white blood cell count

A

must correct white blood cell count when 5 or more nRBCs are present in the differential
machines count all cells with nuclei so it will count nRBCs as WBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

nRBC

A

nucleated red blood cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

formula for corrected white blood cell count

A

(WBC x 100) / (100 + nRBC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

polychromatophils characteristics

A

larger than mature erythrocytes
no nucleus
blue-red cytoplasm
has less hemoglobin (more RNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

polychromasia

A

presence of polychromatophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

reticulocytes

A

polychromatophils stained with new methylene blue
reticulocyte count used to quantify anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

erythrocyte life span

A

~50-150 days
cat: 68
dog: 110
cattle: 160
horse: 120
since cats have a shorter erythrocyte lifespan they can get anemic faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what type of animals have a shorter erythrocyte lifespan?

A

smaller animals with faster metabolic rates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how are old or damaged red blood cells removed?

A

destroyed by splenic macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

mammalian erythrocyte morphology

A

round and biconcave with a central pallor (can be difficult to discern in cats)
they are also anucleated when mature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

normocytic

A

normal erythrocyte size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

macrocytic

A

large erythrocyte size
means high MCV

19
Q

microcytic

A

small erythrocyte size
means low MCV

20
Q

anisocytosis

A

cells of different sizes in the same sample

21
Q

normochromic

A

normal erythrocyte color

22
Q

hypochromic

A

ghost cells
have less hemoglobin = low MCHC
have increased central pallor
caused by defective or inhibited Hgb production

23
Q

hyperchromic

A

high MCHC
artifact

24
Q

torocytes

A

punched-out cells
artifact

25
Q

poikilocytosis

A

cells of different shape in the same sample
general term, use specific terms if possible

26
Q

echinocytes

A

short, pointy, evenly spaced projections
“Burr cell”: elongated, may be more blunt
can be caused by crenation (artifact), electrolyte imbalance, renal disease, snake bite

27
Q

acanthocytes

A

irregular, blunt, even projections
caused by altered metabolism, liver disease, vascular abnormalities

28
Q

keratocytes

A

“blister cells”, “helmet cells”
vacuole or blister
horn-like projections
localized damage to cell membrane
caused by anemia or liver disease

29
Q

leptocytes

A

increased membrane
stomatocytes and codocytes

30
Q

stomatocytes

A

slit shaped central pallor
caused by artifact or membrane damage

31
Q

codocytes

A

target cells
central area of pigment surrounded by a clear ring
large numbers of codocytes seen in liver disease
small numbers of codocytes seen in healthy blood or anemia

32
Q

schistocytes

A

sheared or fragmented
cells are ripped apart by fibrin strands
DIC: disseminated intravascular coagulopathy
often seen with a thrombocytopenia

33
Q

spherocytes

A

spherical, microcytic
no central pallor
stains darker
difficult to identify in cats
partially phagocytized by macrophages and healed
immune mediated hemolytic anemias (IMHA)

34
Q

dacryocytes

A

tear-drop shaped
if all of them are pointed the same way it’s probably just an artifact
otherwise can be caused by myelofibrosis or myeloproliferative disorders

35
Q

drepanocytes

A

sickle cells
crescent shaped
normal in deer and some sheep and goat breeds
otherwise it’s a mutation in the hemoglobin structure

36
Q

howell-jolly bodies

A

small, basophilic, and round
they’re nuclear remnants and will stain like a nucleus
normal in small numbers in cats
caused by partial removal of the nucleus by splenic macrophages or regenerative anemia
more common after splenctomy

37
Q

heinz bodies

A

rounded protuberance on cell surface
stains pale in diff quick
stains blue in NMB
denatured hemoglobin
seen in small numbers in healthy cats
caused by diabetes, hyperthyroidism, lymphoma in cats, toxins (red maple leaves in horses, onions, drugs)

38
Q

basophilic staining

A

small, dark blue specks in the cytoplasm
residual RNA in cytoplasm
seen in immature cells of ruminants (regenerative anemia)
caused by lead toxicity

39
Q

rouleaux

A

cells stacked like coins
common in healthy horses and cats
often an artifact
caused by increased fibrinogen or globulins

40
Q

agglutination

A

clusters or clumps of erythrocytes
can be seen in immune mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA)
do saline test to make sure it’s agglutination: add saline to a drop of blood, true agglutination will survive a 1:5 of blood to saline

41
Q

platelets/thrombocytes life cycle

A

megakaryoblast —> megakaryocyte —> megakaryocyte breaks into platelets

42
Q

primary hemostasis

A

activated platelets form a platelet plug
part of the mechanical phase
occurs within minutes

43
Q

secondary hemostasis

A

reinforcement of the frail platelet plug with fibrin strands
part of the chemical phase
occurs within hours

44
Q

fibrinolysis hemostasis

A

clot dissolves after vascular wall repair
occurs within days

Clinical Pathology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions