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Clinical Pathology > Internal Parasites > Flashcards

Internal Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

what parasites are classified as nematodes?

A

ascarids (roundworms), strongyles, hookworms, lungworms, whipworms, heartworms, capillaria

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2
Q

what is the life cycle of a nematode?

A
  1. eggs passed in feces
  2. eggs mature into larval stages and become infective at L3
  3. transmitted to direct host from environment, mom, or intermediate host
  4. matures into adult in target organ
  5. sexual reproduction= more eggs
    eggs are passed in feces and cycle repeats
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3
Q

what are some characteristics of ascarids?

A

hardy in environment
TO: small intestine
shell: thick, round, bumpy
inside: single embryo

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4
Q

what are the two different roundworm migration life cycles?

A

tracheal migration and somatic migration

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5
Q

what are the steps of the tracheal migration life cycle?

A
  1. L3 penetrates intestinal wall into bloodstream
  2. travels to liver and then lung alveoli
  3. L3 are coughed up from trachea and swallowed, continuing cycle
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6
Q

what is the somatic migration life cycle?

A

L3 travel to organs and tissue, worm becomes encysted in tissues

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7
Q

toxocara canis

A

dog roundworm
ascarid

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8
Q

toxocara cati

A

cat roundworm
ascarid

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9
Q

ascaris suum

A

pig roundworm
ascarid

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10
Q

what age is toxocara canis most common?

A

puppies because it is transplacental

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11
Q

how is toxocara cati spread?

A

ingestion of ova or paratenic host

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12
Q

how is ascaris suum spread?

A

varied pathogenicity

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13
Q

what animals is toxascaris leonina seen in?

A

can be seen in dogs, cats, and wild carnivores

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14
Q

what are some characteristics of baylisascaris procyonis?

A

DH: carnivores
mostly seen in raccoons
infection through fecal-oral or paratenic host
zoonotic

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15
Q

what are some characteristics of parascaris equorum?

A

large roundworms in horses
foals mostly affected
tracheal migration
CS: respiratory signs, colic, diarrhea, intestinal obstruction

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16
Q

what are some characteristics of dioctophyma renale

A

aka giant kidney worm
DH: fish-eating carnivores
IH: fish
seen in urine
infects through ingestion of raw fish

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17
Q

what are some characteristics of heterakis?

A

aka cecal worm
DH: poultry
IH: earthworms
100% mortality in turkeys

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18
Q

what are some characteristics of hookworms?

A

can infect dogs, cats, cattle
adults are blood suckers
TO: small intestine
outside: thin shell, oval
inside: grape clusters

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19
Q

ancylostoma caninum

A

canine hookworm
transdermal infection most common

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20
Q

ancylostoma tubaeformae

A

feline hookworm

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21
Q

uncinaria stenocephala

A

hookworm
fecal-oral most common transmission
less pathogenic than ancylostoma

22
Q

what are some characteristics of strondyloides?

A

aka threadworm
infects nearly all species
GI tract parasite: causes severe diarrhea and emaciation
ova in feces are embryonated

23
Q

S. westeri

A

threadworm in foals (strodyloide)

24
Q

what are some characteristics of strongyles (strongylus valgaris)

A

aka blood worm
DH: horses and ruminants/ swine
TO: cecum and colon
major source of colic
blood suckers, cause ulcers
subclinical in adults, diarrhea and colic in foals

25
Q

oesophagostomum

A

aka nodular worm
falls under strongyles category
infects cattle, sheep, goat, swine, and ruminants
TO: small intestine

26
Q

syngamus trachea

A

aka gape worm
falls under strongyles category
infects birds (chicken/ turkey and wild birds)
TO: trachea
CS: gaping due to respiratory distress

27
Q

parasitic gastroenteritis (PGE)

A

caused by stronglyes: trichostrongylus
infects herbivores (domestic cattle, goats and sheep, wildlife, exotic)
CS: cattle wasting

28
Q

trichostrongylus

A

aka hairworm
strongyle: parasitic gastroenteritis

29
Q

cooperia

A

aka bankrupt worm
strongyle

30
Q

ostertagia

A

aka stomach worm
strongyle

31
Q

what are some characteristics of haemonchus contortus?

A

aka barber-pole worm
strongyle
blood sucker
infects ruminants (can be part of PGE)
antihelmintic resistance
CS: failure to thrive, weight loss, bottle jaw

32
Q

what are the different types of metastrongylids (lungworms)?

A

metastrongylus, filaroides, aelurostrongylus

33
Q

what are some characteristics of metastrongylus?

A

metastrongylid
DH: swine
IH: earthworm
CS: barking cough
causes growth retardation

34
Q

what are some characteristics of filaroides?

A

metastrongylid
DH: dog
seen in feces or sputum (mixture of mucus and saliva coughed up)

35
Q

what are some characteristics of aelurostrongylus?

A

metastrongylid
DH: cat
IH: snails and slugs
CS: coughing, increased RR, weight loss
larva coughed, swallowed, and passed in feces
paratenic hosts: birds, frogs, lizards, mice

36
Q

what are some characteristics of spirurids?

A

aka stomach worms (physalopetera rara)
DH: wild carnivores
IH: insects, reptiles
paratenic hosts: reptiles, amphibians, mammals
CS: vomiting
use fecal direct smear method to test

37
Q

what are some characteristics of onchocerca?

A

aka skin nodular worm
fly vector
TO: SQ tissue, conjunctiva, peripheral blood vessels
CS: dermatitis

38
Q

what are some characteristics of trichuris?

A

aka whipworms
lemon shaped and have bipolar plugs
TO: cecum, large intestine
CS: anemia, weakness, diarrhea

39
Q

T. vulpis

A

trichuris (whipworm)
seen in dogs, ruminants, and rare in cats

40
Q

T. suis

A

trichuris (whipworm)
seen in swine

41
Q

what are some characteristics of capillaria?

A

aka threadworm
DH: wild mammals, canine, feline, avian
TO: small intestine
ova are resistant
have asymmetrical bipolar plugs

42
Q

how can C. vulpis be tested?

A

C. vulpis: type of capillaria
tested through fecal float since diarrhea is a symptom

43
Q

how can C. plica be tested?

A

C. plica: type of capillaria
tested through eggs in dog or cat urine
CS: pollakuria, straining, urinary accidents

44
Q

what are some characteristics of pinworms oxyurids?

A

oval, operculated ova, thin shell, asymmetrical plugs

45
Q

oxyuris equi characteristics

A

pinworm
DH: horses
TO: cecum and colon
eggs attach to perineal hairs, itchy
scotch tape derm test used and can rarely show up on fecal floats

46
Q

what other species can pinworms infect besides horses?

A

rodents and reptiles (common, often nonpathogenic, may be commensal)

47
Q

what are some characteristics of dirofiluria immitus?

A

aka heartworm
DH: carnivores
IH: mosquito
TO: right ventricle of heart and pulmonary artery
adults produce microfilaria

48
Q

what is the life cycle of heartworm?

A
  1. mosquito feeds on infected animal and ingests microfilaria
  2. microfilaria matures in mosquito to L3 stage
  3. mosquito feeds again and L3 infective larvae goes into uninfected animal’s blood
  4. larvae mature to L4 and migrate to heart and lungs
  5. worms reproduce and make more microfilaria
49
Q

what are the different ways to test for heartworm?

A

antigen test: tests for female worms only
direct: drop of blood on slide, can see microfilaria
hematocrit tube: can see microfilaria above buffy coat

50
Q

how do you performed a modified Knott’s test?

A

heartworm test
1. mix 1 mL anticoagulated blood with 10 mL of 2% formalin
2. centrifuge
3. pour off most of supernatant
4. add 4-7 drops of NMB stain
5. look for microfilaria

Clinical Pathology (15 decks)

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