Urinalysis

Question 1

Physical Properties of Urine

Answer 1

Colour
Turbidity
Odour
USG

Question 2

Typical USG in Dog, cat, horse and cattle

Answer 2

Dogs (1.015– 1.045)
Cats (1.035– 1.065)
Horses (1.020– 1.050)
Cattle (1.025– 1.045)

Question 3

USG of water

Answer 3

1.00

Question 4

USG of highly concentrated urine

Answer 4

Will be high
More solute= more refraction = higher value

Question 5

What does isosthenuric urine indicate?

Answer 5

Kidney has not diluted or concentrated the urine
Impaired kidney function
concentrating ability is impaired at ~60-70% nephron loss

Question 6

Chemical properties of urine

Answer 6

pH
Protein
Glucose
Ketones
Bilirubin
Blood
Leucocytes

Question 7

pH

Answer 7

Generally reflects body acid-base status
Exception of paradoxic aciduria in metabolic alkalosis of vomiting or gastric/abomasal torsion/obstruction
May be influenced by diet
Helps interpret other results:
E.g. very alkaline urine may yield false positive protein
E.g. identifiable solubility characteristics of crystals
May influence whether will see E.g. sediment elements (alkaline) or culture leptospirosis (acid)

Question 8

Causes of proteinuria

Answer 8

Inflammation in glomeruli - glomerulonephritis
Hypertension
Kidney disease

either due to glomerular failure or tubular failure

Question 9

Casts

Answer 9

• Hyaline – protein
  ○ Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein
• Cellular – rbc/wbc/epithelial cells
  ○ Disease process is in tubules
• Granular – fine/coarse
  ○ Degenerate cellular casts – implies longer stasis
  ○ Precipitated protein
  ○ Degenerate epithelial cells
• Waxy – end product of degeneration
  ○ Implies long period of stasis