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FCP - Pathology Week > Acute Inflammation > Flashcards

Acute Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Cardinal signs of Inflammation

A

Heat
Redness
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function

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2
Q

Definition of Acute Inflammation

A

Redundant, complex, adaptive and protective response of vessels, resident cells and leucocytes to noxious stimuli
Brings cells and molecules of host defence from circulation to site where they are needed in order to eliminate an offending agent
Lasts hours to days

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3
Q

Causes of Acute Inflammation

A

Infection (bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic)
Tissue necrosis
Ischemia (restricted blood flow)
Trauma
Physical/chemical injury
foreign body
Endogenous urate crystals
Cholesterol crystals
Hypersensitivities

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4
Q

Morphological Hallmarks of Acute Inflammation

A

Dilation of blood vessels
Activation and recruitment of leucocytes
Active education of fluid in extravascular tissues

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5
Q

Steps of Acute Inflammation (6Rs)

A
  • Recognition of injurious agent
  • Reaction of blood vessels
  • Recruitment of leukocytes
  • Removal/clearance of agent
  • Regulation (control) of response
  • Repair (resolution)
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6
Q

Mediators of Acute inflammation

A

Vasoactive amines
Inflammatory lipids
Complement
Cytokines
Other:
○ Kinins
○ Chemokines
○ Nitric Oxide
○ Coagulation Cascade
○ PAF (Platelet activating factor)

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7
Q

Vasoactive Amine examples

A

Histamine
Serotonin

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8
Q

Vasoactive Amines function

A

Increase vascular permeability

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9
Q

Vasoactive Amine Production Site

A

Mast cells
Basophils
Platelets

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10
Q

Inflammatory Lipid examples

A

Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes

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11
Q

Inflammatory Lipid function

A

Vasodilation
Increase vascular permeability
Leucocyte recruitment and activation
Pain

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12
Q

Inflammatory lipid production site

A

Mast cells
Leucocytes

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13
Q

Complement Example

A

C5a
C3a

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14
Q

Complement function

A

Increase vascular permeability
Leucocyte recruitment and activation

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15
Q

Complement production site

A

Plasma produced in liver

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16
Q

Cytokine examples

A

IL-1
TNF
IL-6

17
Q

Cytokine function

A

Increase vascular permeability
Leucocyte recruitment and activation

18
Q

Cytokine production site

A

Macrophages
Endothelial cells
Mast cells

19
Q

Which acute inflammation mediators increase vascular permeability?

A

(ALL OF THEM)
Vasoactive amines
Inflammatory lipids
Complement
Cytokines

20
Q

Which acute inflammation mediators cause vasodilation?

A

Inflammatory lipids

21
Q

Which acute inflammation mediators cause leucocyte recruitment and activation?

A

Inflammatory lipids
Complement
Cytokines

22
Q

Which acute inflammation mediators are produced by mast cells?

A

Vasoactive amines
Inflammatory lipids
Cytokines

23
Q

Which acute inflammation mediators are produced by the liver?

A

Complement

24
Q

Which acute inflammation mediators cause pain?

A

Inflammatory Lipids

25
Q

Which acute inflammation mediators cause tissue damage?

A

Neutrophil granule content
Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

26
Q

Sequelae meaning

A

Condition which is the consequence of a previous injury
Used to define any complication or condition that results from a pre-existing illness/injury

27
Q

What are the possible sequelae of Acute Inflammation?

A

Complete resolution
Scarring or fibrosis
Progression to chronic inflammation

28
Q

When does complete resolution occur and what happens?

A

When injury is limited
Little tissue destruction has occurred
Clearance of offending agent and regeneration of damaged tissue

29
Q

When does scarring or fibrosis occur and what happens?

A

After substantial tissue destruction
Destruction of non-regenerable tissue
Connective tissue growth into area of damage or exudate

30
Q

When does progression to chronic inflammation occur and what happens?

A

When there is unresolved inflammatory process due to:
Persistence or injury OR interference with the normal process of healing

31
Q

What is the acute phase response characterised by?

A

Systemic effects of acute inflammation:
○ Pyrexia
○ Leucocytosis
○ Metabolic changes
Also includes changes in concentration of Acute Phase Proteins (APPs) in plasma

32
Q

What are acute phase proteins?

A

A class of plasma protein that change sin concentration in response to inflammation
Biomarkers of inflammation

33
Q

Positive APPs

A

Increase in plasma concentration in response to inflammation
*CRP
*SAA
*Fibrinogen
*Complement (C3, C4)

34
Q

Negative APPs

A

Decrease in plasma concentration in response to Inflammation
*Albumin
*Transferrin
*Transthyretin
*Retinol-binding protein

35
Q

What is a biomarker?

A

Biological molecule that is objectively measured and is an indicator of a normal or abnormal process of a condition/disease

FCP - Pathology Week (20 decks)

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