Acute Inflammation

Question 1

Cardinal signs of Inflammation

Answer 1

Heat
Redness
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function

Question 2

Definition of Acute Inflammation

Answer 2

Redundant, complex, adaptive and protective response of vessels, resident cells and leucocytes to noxious stimuli
Brings cells and molecules of host defence from circulation to site where they are needed in order to eliminate an offending agent
Lasts hours to days

Question 3

Causes of Acute Inflammation

Answer 3

Infection (bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic)
Tissue necrosis
Ischemia (restricted blood flow)
Trauma
Physical/chemical injury
foreign body
Endogenous urate crystals
Cholesterol crystals
Hypersensitivities

Question 4

Morphological Hallmarks of Acute Inflammation

Answer 4

Dilation of blood vessels
Activation and recruitment of leucocytes
Active education of fluid in extravascular tissues

Question 5

Steps of Acute Inflammation (6Rs)

Answer 5

• Recognition of injurious agent
• Reaction of blood vessels
• Recruitment of leukocytes
• Removal/clearance of agent
• Regulation (control) of response
• Repair (resolution)

Question 6

Mediators of Acute inflammation

Answer 6

Vasoactive amines
Inflammatory lipids
Complement
Cytokines
Other:
○ Kinins
○ Chemokines
○ Nitric Oxide
○ Coagulation Cascade
○ PAF (Platelet activating factor)

Question 7

Vasoactive Amine examples

Answer 7

Histamine
Serotonin

Question 8

Vasoactive Amines function

Answer 8

Increase vascular permeability

Question 9

Vasoactive Amine Production Site

Answer 9

Mast cells
Basophils
Platelets

Question 10

Inflammatory Lipid examples

Answer 10

Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes

Question 11

Inflammatory Lipid function

Answer 11

Vasodilation
Increase vascular permeability
Leucocyte recruitment and activation
Pain

Question 12

Inflammatory lipid production site

Answer 12

Mast cells
Leucocytes

Question 13

Complement Example

Answer 13

C5a
C3a

Question 14

Complement function

Answer 14

Increase vascular permeability
Leucocyte recruitment and activation

Question 15

Complement production site

Answer 15

Plasma produced in liver

Question 16

Cytokine examples

Answer 16

IL-1
TNF
IL-6

Question 17

Cytokine function

Answer 17

Increase vascular permeability
Leucocyte recruitment and activation

Question 18

Cytokine production site

Answer 18

Macrophages
Endothelial cells
Mast cells

Question 19

Which acute inflammation mediators increase vascular permeability?

Answer 19

(ALL OF THEM)
Vasoactive amines
Inflammatory lipids
Complement
Cytokines

Question 20

Which acute inflammation mediators cause vasodilation?

Answer 20

Inflammatory lipids

Question 21

Which acute inflammation mediators cause leucocyte recruitment and activation?

Answer 21

Inflammatory lipids
Complement
Cytokines

Question 22

Which acute inflammation mediators are produced by mast cells?

Answer 22

Vasoactive amines
Inflammatory lipids
Cytokines

Question 23

Which acute inflammation mediators are produced by the liver?

Answer 23

Complement

Question 24

Which acute inflammation mediators cause pain?

Answer 24

Inflammatory Lipids

Question 25

Which acute inflammation mediators cause tissue damage?

Answer 25

Neutrophil granule content Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

Question 26

Sequelae meaning

Answer 26

Condition which is the consequence of a previous injury Used to define any complication or condition that results from a pre-existing illness/injury

Question 27

What are the possible sequelae of Acute Inflammation?

Answer 27

Complete resolution Scarring or fibrosis Progression to chronic inflammation

Question 28

When does complete resolution occur and what happens?

Answer 28

When injury is limited Little tissue destruction has occurred Clearance of offending agent and regeneration of damaged tissue

Question 29

When does scarring or fibrosis occur and what happens?

Answer 29

After substantial tissue destruction Destruction of non-regenerable tissue Connective tissue growth into area of damage or exudate

Question 30

When does progression to chronic inflammation occur and what happens?

Answer 30

When there is unresolved inflammatory process due to: Persistence or injury OR interference with the normal process of healing

Question 31

What is the acute phase response characterised by?

Answer 31

Systemic effects of acute inflammation: ○ Pyrexia ○ Leucocytosis ○ Metabolic changes Also includes changes in concentration of Acute Phase Proteins (APPs) in plasma

Question 32

What are acute phase proteins?

Answer 32

A class of plasma protein that change sin concentration in response to inflammation Biomarkers of inflammation

Question 33

Positive APPs

Answer 33

Increase in plasma concentration in response to inflammation *CRP *SAA *Fibrinogen *Complement (C3, C4)

Question 34

Negative APPs

Answer 34

Decrease in plasma concentration in response to Inflammation *Albumin *Transferrin *Transthyretin *Retinol-binding protein

Question 35

What is a biomarker?

Answer 35

Biological molecule that is objectively measured and is an indicator of a normal or abnormal process of a condition/disease