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FCP - Pathology Week > Benign VS Malignant Neoplasia > Flashcards

Benign VS Malignant Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Cancer

A

Malignant neoplasia

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2
Q

Neoplasia

A

Abnormal and uncontrolled cell proliferation
Irreversible genetic change
Unresponsive to normal controls/growth

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3
Q

Neoplasm

A

Abnormal mass of tissue that occurs as a result of neoplasia

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4
Q

Mutagenesis

A

(Initiation)
Introduction of irreversible genetic change to cells by action of a mutagenic initation agent

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5
Q

Oncogenesis

A

Process by which healthy cells become cancer cells
Cancer develops gradually from normal tissue
Mostly studied in carcinomas (Carcinogenesis)

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6
Q

Benign Neoplasm

A

Harmless
Don’t invade surrounding tissue
Don’t spread to new anatomic location
Usually curable
E.g. sebaceous adenoma

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7
Q

Pre-malignant Neoplasm

A

Characterised by malignancy
Once invasion occurs it is considered malignant

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8
Q

Malignant Neoplasm

A

Cancerous
Invades locally
Spreads by metastasis - distant from primary tumour
Kills animal by interfering with normal body functions

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9
Q

Carcinoma

A

Malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin

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10
Q

Steps of oncogenesis

A

Initiation
Promotion
Progression into malignancy

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11
Q

Initiation

A

(Mutagenesis)
Introduction of irreversible genetic change into normal cells by action of a mutagenic initiation agent

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12
Q

Examples of Mutagenic Initiation Agents

A

Chemical or physical - e.g. radiation/UV
Inherited or spontaneous
Viruses or bacteria
ROS - Reactive oxygen species

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13
Q

Promotion

A

○ Outgrowth of initiated cells in response to selective stimulation
○ They drive proliferation
○ Promotors are not mutagenic
Effects are usually reversible
○ Results in benign or pre-neoplastic lesion

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14
Q

Progression into Malignancy

A

○ Complex and poorly understood process
○ Benign tumour develops into increasingly malignant tumour
○ Malignant tumour may become metastatic
○ Genetic instability + increasing tumour cell heterogeneity

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15
Q

Anaplasia

A

Lack of cellular differentiation

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16
Q

Differentiation of Benign Vs Malignant Neoplasms

A

Benign
* Well differentiated
* Similar to tissue of origin
* Little or no anaplasia

Malignant
* Lack of differentiation
* Atypical structure
* Variable anaplasia

17
Q

Growth Rate of Benign Vs Malignant Neoplasms

A

Benign
* Slow, progressive
* Rare mitotic figures
* Normal mitotic figures

Malignant
* Slow to rapid growth
* Many mitotic figures
* Abnormal mitotic figures

18
Q

Local Invasion of Benign Vs Malignant Neoplasms

A

Benign
* No invasion
* Cohesive growth
* Capsule often present

Malignant
* Local invasion
* Infiltrative growth
* Usually no capsule

19
Q

Metastasis of Benign Vs Malignant Neoplasms

A

Benign
* No metastasis

Malignant
* Frequent metastasis

20
Q

Host Consequences of Benign Vs Malignant Neoplasms

A

Benign
* Space occupying lesion (effect depends on location)

Malignant
* Life threatening

21
Q

Host Consequences of Benign Vs Malignant Neoplasms

A

Benign
* Space occupying lesion (effect depends on location)

Malignant
* Life threatening

22
Q

Cytological Features of Benign Neoplasms

A

Minimal - mild anisocytosis
Normal - reduced nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio
Minimal - mild anisokaryosis
Low mitotic count
Minimal or absent necrosis
No individualisation or invasiveness

23
Q

Cytological Features of Malignant Neoplasms

A

Marked anisocytosis
Increased nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio
Marked anisokaryosis with frequent binucelation
High mitotic count
Necrosis frequently present
Invasiveness to surrounding tissue including blood and lymph vessels

24
Q

Mitotic Count

A

A measure of how fast cells are dividing and growing

25
Q

Anisocytosis

A

Variation in cell size and shape between cells

26
Q

Anisokaryosis

A

Variation in nuclear size between cells

27
Q

Mesenchymal Tissue

A

Connective tissue
Endothelium
Hematopoietic cells (Stem cells)
Muscle

28
Q

Connective Tissue Neoplasms

A

Fibrosarcoma - malignant
Fibroma - benign
Lipoma - benign

29
Q

Endothelium Neoplasms

A

Haemangioma - benign
Haemangiosarcoma - malignant

30
Q

Hematopoietic Neoplasms

A

Lymphoma - malignant (in lymph)
Leukemia - malignant (in blood)
Histiocytoma - malignant (of immune cells)
Mast Cell Tumour

31
Q

Muscle Neoplasms

A

Rhabdomyosacoma - malignant
Leiomyosarcoma - malignant of smooth muscle

32
Q

Epithelial Tissue Neoplasms

A
  • Lining epithelium
    ○ Squamous Cell Carcinoma
    ○ Melanoma - malignant
  • Glandular epithelium
    ○ Adenocarcinoma
33
Q

Nervous Tissue Neoplasms

A
  • Glial cell
    ○ Astrocytoma
    ○ Oligodendroglioma
    ○ PNST
  • Neural cell
    ○ Ganglioneuroma

FCP - Pathology Week (20 decks)

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