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FCP - Pathology Week > Intro to Pathology > Flashcards

Intro to Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Disease

A

Any harmful interruption of function of any part/organ/system of the body that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms and clinical signs

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2
Q

Pathology

A

The study of disease

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3
Q

General Pathology

A

○ Basic responses of cells and tissues to insults and injuries
○ Irrespective of the organs, systems or species of animal involved

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4
Q

Systemic Pathology

A

○ Pathology of organ systems
○ Alterations in specialised organs and tissues

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5
Q

Anatomic Pathology

A

○ Examination of tissues taken during life (biopsy) or after death (autopsy, necropsy)
○ Examines nature and extent of disease process
○ Gross/macroscopic pathology

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6
Q

Clinical Pathology

A

○ Examination of blood and other bodily fluids and cells
○ Cytology is included in this
Includes Microscopic pathology

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7
Q

Aetiology

A

What used the disease?

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8
Q

Pathogenesis

A

How did the disease develop?

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9
Q

Molecular and morphologic changes

A

What are the biochemical and structural alterations in cells and organs?

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10
Q

Clinical Manifestation

A

What are the symptoms and signs of molecular and morphologic changes?

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11
Q

5 Major Pathologic Processes

A

Inflammation
Healing
Thrombosis
Neoplasia
Metabolic Dysfunction
Necrosis

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12
Q

Inflammation

A

○ Vascular and interstitial changes in response to tissue injury
○ Designed to sequester, dilute and destroy the causal agent
‘-itis’

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13
Q

Clinical signs of inflammation

A

Heat
Redness
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function

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14
Q

Healing

A

○ Repair of injured tissue
○ Involves:
Angiogenesis
Fibrosis
Regeneration
Epithelialisation

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15
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Formation of new blood vessels

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16
Q

Fibrosis

A

Formation of fibrous connective tissue by fibroblasts

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17
Q

Regeneration

A

The capacity to regrow after damage
Not all tissues can regenerate (e.g. cardiac and skeletal muscle)

18
Q

Epithelialisation

A

Regenerative process that covers defects in injured skin

19
Q

Thrombosis

A

○ Occurs within vascular lumen
○ Interaction of blood coagulation cascade and platelets to form
○ Thrombus - aggregate of fibrin and platelets
○ Differs from normal clotting
○ Involves Virchow’s triad

20
Q

Virchow’s Triad

A

Vascular wall damage
Hypercoagulable state
Change in blood flow

21
Q

Neoplasia

A

○ Any new cellular growth
○ Benign or malignant
○ Basic cellular mutations lead to dysregulations of mitosis and disruption of normal cell boundaries
○ Results in unrestrained cell growth
○ Affects normal tissue through replacement or compression

22
Q

Metabolic Dysfunction

A

○ Interrupts normal chemical processes necessary to maintain homeostasis
○ Genetic, due to chemical imbalance or organ malfunction

23
Q

Necrosis

A

○ Death of cells or tissue in a living animal
○ Can be diffuse process in whole organ or partial

24
Q

Methods of pathological examination

A

Biopsy (LIVING)
Post-mortem/autopsy/necropsy (DEAD)
FNS - Fine needle sampling

25
Q

Pathological description after biopsy

A

Location
Number/extent
Demarcation
Distribution
Colour
Size
Shape
Consistency/texture

26
Q

Example of pathological description of lesion

A
  • On the Forelimb of dog
  • Singular
  • Well-demarcated
  • Focal
  • Pink to dark red
  • 3 cm in diameter x 2 cm height
  • Round, raised
  • Firm, hairless mass
27
Q

Clinical Diagnosis VS Clinical Pathological Diagnosis VS Morphological Diagnosis

A

Clinical Diagnosis - based on data from history, clinical signs, physical exam and lab testing
Clinical Pathological Diagnosis - based on changes observed in chemistry of fluids, haematology and structure/function of cells
Morphological Diagnosis - Based on what is seen

28
Q

Example of Clinical Diagnosis VS Clinical Pathological Diagnosis Vs Morphological Diagnosis

A

Clinical diagnosis - Canine parvoviral infection
Clinical Pathological Diagnosis - Leukopenia (neutropenia, lymphopenia)
Morphological Diagnosis - Colitis, necrotic-haemorrhagic, diffuse, severe, acute

29
Q

Lesion Description

A

Location

30
Q

Morphological Diagnosis

A

Based on what is seen
Macroscopic or microscopic
Describes lesion:
○ Severity - mild, moderate, severe
○ Duration - peracute, acute, subacute, chronic
○ Distribution - focal, multifocal, focally extensive, diffuse
○ Location - organ or tissue
○ Nature - (-itis, -osis, -ia)

31
Q

Methods to reach a diagnosis

A
  • Morphology
  • Molecular biology
  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics
  • Informatics
32
Q

Post-mortem changes - NOT LESIONS

A

Autolysis
Putrefaction
Rigormortis
Livor mortis
Post-mortem clotting
Haemoglobin Imbibition
Bile Imbibition
Pseudo-melanosis

33
Q

Autolysis

A

Self-digestion due to ceasing of normal bodily processes

34
Q

Putrefaction

A

Colour and texture changes
Gas production and odours
due to bacterial metabolism and dissolution of host tissues

35
Q

Rigor Mortis

A

Contraction of muscles after death
Due to depletion of ATP and glycogen
Occurs 1-6 hours after death and persists for 1-2 days

36
Q

Livor Mortis

A

Gravitational pooling to downside of body
Looks a bit like haemorrhage but is not

37
Q

Post-mortem clotting

A

Different to thrombosis
Evident in heart and great vessels several hours after death
Does not adhere to vessel walls

38
Q

Haemoglobin imbibition

A

Differs from livor mortis
Red staining due to release of haemoglobin from lysed RBCs

39
Q

Bile imbibition

A

Green/yellow stain due to release of bile
Tissues near gall bladder (e.g. liver)

40
Q

Pseudomelanosis

A

Blue/green discolouration of tissue due to FeS (iron sulphide)
Often mistaken for melanosis
Formed by reaction between H2S produced by putrefactive bacteria and iron from haemoglobin from lysed RBCs

FCP - Pathology Week (20 decks)

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