URBANISATION - Urban Policy Flashcards
Urban policy
Urban policy relates to the stratergies chosen by local or central govt to manage the development of central areas and to reduce urban problems
Regeneration has been a key element of urban policy in the uk since the 1980s
Whilst early stratergies focused on top down economic regeneration, its subsequent polices have recognsised the need to adapt to a more hollistic approach tackling economic, social and enviromental problems from teh bottom up
What are ALL the urban policies?
Urban Development Corporations
City Challenge
Enterprise zones
The inner city initiatives
European regional development
Single Regeneration budget
Local enterprise partnerships
Enflish partnerships
New homes bonys
Urban regneration companies
Regional development agencies
Urban Development Corporation
1980s-1998
UDS created policies to ensure effective us eof land, develop indusry, provide soical housing and facilities and overall enhance the quality of dteriortaed areas Set up in the 1980s to regnerate inner city areas
Boards of udcs mostly made up of people from the local business community and were encouraged to spend money on buying land building infrastructure and marketing to attract private invesymet
Funding came direct from central govt
What do UDCS do? Effective at doing?
UDCS are effective in attracting new businesses to run down areas and improving the enviroment of udcs areas
By mid 1990s udcs attracted 12billion in privaye sector investment and created 190k jobs nationally
The
What have UDCS they achieved?
Criticisms of UDCS?
However, the property led approach did little to tackle social problems
Local people complaiend they had little involvement in process and in LDDC locals did not tend to benefiy from yhe new housing and jobs created
LDN
Example of UDCS
LONDON DOCKLANDS DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION
An urban developmeny corporation 1981 for redeveloping the east of London
The city challenge
A scheme where cities had to compete with eachother for government regeneration grants
The cities with the best schemes were awarded the grants
This was a local authorised shceme which formed partnerships between the private sector local communties and the local authority
Stratergies focused on tackling social, economic and enviromental problems in the run down parts of the city
The fact that local authories had to bid for funding was judged to have resulted in more succesful regeneration schenes
What do CC do?
What have cc achieved?
1997 data revealed that the city challenge had improved over 40,000 homes, created 53k jons and reclaimed 2k hectares of derelict land
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Criticims of cc
However, resources were spread thinly over larhe areas which had previously recieved govt funding no longer recieved it because their bid was unsuccesfull
Hulme
Example of cc?
Hulme city challenge partnership Manchester
Enterprise zones
Specific areas of land with economic incentives sicj as tax breaks and governmemt support that aim to entice businessess to invest into an area that would benefit from business
How many ez in UK?
EZ still exisist throughout the UK with 24 new zomes introduced in 2012 and another 18 in 2015
Metro centre
Example of EZ?
The metro centre gateshed - an established enterprise zpne on an old industrial site a oiwer staron in whcih land was bought for jobs just 100k by sir john hall compamy launched om 1984 and opened in 1986
The inner city initiatives
Inner city initiatives are several new bottom up shcemes have been employed in the UK where local community is encouraged to be apart of the regneration procesd and therefore benefit from it
What are examples of ici?
CITY CHALLENGE, REGENERATION BUDGET, EUROPEAN FUNDING PROGRAM, all examples of where the soical impacts of development were considered alongside the economic impacts
European regional developmeny fimd
An eu fund that went into regionas lagging behind
E.g. lots of old UK industrial cities
It provides funding to public and priavte bodies un all eu regions to reduce economic and social aid territial disparities
Single regneration bidey
These budgets were apart of the bidding process that allowe countries to bid for a central pot of crush heldy the UK govt stated in 1997 with eelction of the laboour govt
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What does srb do?
This money was then distributed to winners who would spend the money locally improving run down inner city areas
The scheme was slightly different in that it pulled together several funding pots into one allowing the lcoal govt more control and say over how to spend the money
Case study of SRB
The ouseburn Valley in newcastle owes its cultural housing regeneration to this regenerations cheme
Local enterpise zones
Designed to forge an alliance between local businesses and the public sector via the local authority there were 38 local enterprise partnerships in total
Their role was to determine local priorities and job creation improve infrastructure amd raose workforce skills within the local area
What do LEZ do?
The NE LEP wanetd to create 100,000 jobs in digital advanced manufacturting health and life sciences and energy by 2024
An example of LEZ?
English partnerships
A national regenerationa genecy that aimed to develop derelict land and underutilised urban areas english ps had certiain powers to enable regenration and developmeny
The organisation could issue compulsory pruchase order wjocj means leand can be bought w/o consent of the owner
They had responsibility and active role in revelopment the thames haye was amd expanding milton keynes
In 2008 it ceased to eixist and powers
Example of english partnership
Urban regeneration companies
Private companies in the UK seek to achieve a radicial physical transformation off their area through major planning and coordinating finanical assiaynce to developers from public and private sector
These companies play a crucial role in reutilising urban spaces fostering economic growth and enhancing the qol of residents
Example of urc
New insinglington 2003
R
Regional de
Regional developmeny agencies
Labour focused on various regions across the uk via rdas they had to coordinate economic developmeny and regeneratoon across the region one north east
Example of rda?
New homes bonus
A grant paid by central government to local councils to reflect and incentive housing growth in their areas
Based on the amount of extra council tax revenue paid for new builds homes, conversions and long term employ homes
Example of new homes bonus
LDDC reason?
- 1981 the London’s Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC) was set up to improve the economic, social and environmental problems that had developed in the area that was once one of the world’s busiest ports.
- The area had been in decline since the 1950’s. This is because larger ships could no longer access the port.
- Unemployment soared, the back to back terraced housing fell into disrepair and there was a lack of transport and leisure facilities.
- The area became the first Enterprise Zones in 1981. The land was made rate free for ten years.
Initial purpose of LDDC
Was used as an international shipping hub due to the access to skilled workers, good connections, flat land and the shelter from the north sea in this area. 1800-1930
What was the effect of the global shift on LDDC?
Due to the global shift, these local industries of the london docklands got outsourced to other countries
What was the initial growth of London Docklands?
- In 1930, 35 million tonnes of cargo worth £700m was handled in the docklands with 55,000 ship movements.
- In 1940 100,000 workers were employed in the docklands
- 60 million tonnes of cargo handled in 1961
Impact of WW2 on the docklands?
During WW2, there was a mass bombing of the docklands which resulted in 430 deaths and 1600 seriously injured, halting the economic activity in the area
When did the docklands close?
1960-1980, the Docklands slowly closed due to outsourcing of industry and resulted in the loss of 150,000 jobs in the area
What happened to the docklands?
- Attracted £10 billion of private investment and built 25,000 new homes
- Area was made tax free for the first couple of years for residents to attract them
Employment, Housing, Lesiure, Transport
What changes were made to the docklands with the regeneration shcene?
Employment:
Low rents attracted a number of hi-tech and financial firms. This includes The Limehouse ITV studios and The Guardian and Daily Telegraph newspapers.
Housing:
Many of the former warehouses have been transformed into luxury flats. This is an example of gentrification. Low-cost housing has also been built along with the renovation of older council-owned properties.
Leisure:
A large shopping area was constructed close to Canary Warf. A number of parks have been created where buildings once stood. More recently the Millennium Dome was built in this area.
Transport:
London’s Docklands now has its own light railway. The Dockland Light Railway (DLR) connects with Bank and Monument underground stations. This makes travel into the City of London very easy.
Positives of LDDC?
- Is now the financial hub of the UK and provides hugely towards the country’s economy
- Made an area that was barren and poor, rich and attractive
Negatives of LDDC?
- 2007 the highest level of unemployment was recorded in the area while the avg salary was £100,000
- Gentrification due to sudden attractiveness of the area
