Contemporary urban enviroments Flashcards
Ubranisation
Ubranisation = the increase in the proportion of a countrys population that live in urban areas
Natural population growth
Natural popultion growth occurs where birth rate is greater than death rate
-Urban areas tend to have a relativley young age profiles usually young adults (15-40 years) migrating and are lured by the prospect of higher paid jobs, better educational opportunities and greater cultural and social behaviours
- MIgrants are in their fertile years so rates of natural increase are higher in cities than rural areas
E.G. Nappyville in london due to high proportion of young families living there
What is the total world population expected to grow by 2045?
- A surpus of 6 billion with much of the growth from LICS
- Many areas projected to be urban in 2040 have not yet been built e.g.india 70% of it is not built
How has urban populations changed since 1945?
-Growth from 756m in 1950 to 3.9b in 2014
- Most urbanised regions include northen america (82% living in urban regions in 2014, latin america and caribean 80%and europe 73%
- Africa and Asias are mostly rural, 40% and 48% living in urban areas
- 3 countries are expected to account for 37% of the projected growth of the worlds urban population between 2014 and 2050
- India expected to add 104km dweller, china 292m and nigeria 212m
What are the causes and consquences of urbanisation?
Causes:
- Natural causes of population growth (births) Rural- urban migration, better paid jobs, more job opportunities, higher standards of living etc
Consquences:
- Shortage of affordable housing in higher income cities, rising demand in house prices has led to a dramatic increase in house prices and rental costs/ lack of services and waste disposal, transport issues, unemployment and underemployment
Urban growth
Urban growth = is an increase in the number of urban dwellers
Causes of urban growth = Natural population growth, rural to urban migration
Urban sprawl
Urban sprawl = The spread of an urban area into the sorrounding countryside
What is sub-urbanisation?
Sub-urbanisation = the movement of people from living in the inner part of the city to the outer edge
- Has be faciliated in the late twentieith century by the developmet of transport networks and increase in car ownership, allowing people to commute to work
Ribbon developments
Ribbion developments occured inn 1930s, fewer planning controls and urban growth took place alongside main roads
By 1940s the growth of ribbion developments became a concern and green belts were created
Green belts
Green belts = are areas of open space and low density land use around towns where further development was slightly controlled
Green belt boundaries
Green belt boundaries = can be changed by the council
Brownfield land
Brownfield land = previoulsy developed land
Doughnut effect/Dead Heart Symdrone
DHS= Refers to the development where city centre becomes more hollow or empty as businesses and people move into the outskirts of the city
Causes and consquences of DHS
Causes:
- The rise of motocar, cheapness of land at edge of city, rise in out of town shopping centres, lack of investment in cbd/inner city, dereliction of building, decline of shopping enviroment, overcrowding, poor air quality, crime, poor parking avalability
Consquences
- Urban decline; the deteriation of the inner city caused by lack of service and maintenance
- Urban deprivation; a standard of liing below that of the majority in a particular society
- Urban change; involves any change within the urban enviroment associated with growth or decline of an urban area
Counter urbanisation
Counter urbanisation =movement from large urban areas into smaller urban areas or rural areas
E.g. leapfrogging the rural-urban fringe
Results in increased commuting and ict usage
Push and pull factors of counter urbanisation
Push factors:
- Air pollution, crime rates, overcrowding, traffic congestion, old housing, lack of gardens, lack of open space and parks
Pull factors:
- Cleaner enviroment (less noise and air pollution) safer enviroment (lower crime rates) pleasent scenary and countryside, safer enviroment for children and more green space
Positive and negative impacts of counter-urbanisation
Positive impacts:
- Brings in more business for local workers e.g. plumbers
- Local farmers benefit as newcomers support local
- More exclusive luxury housing
Negative impacts:
- Increased value in houses, becomes major issue for exisiting residents
- Conflict between newcomers and exisiting residents
- Decline in traditional farming
Urban resurgence
Urban resurgence (re-urbanisation) = refers to the regeneration both economical and structual of an irban area which has suffered a period of decline
This is often intiated by re-development schemes but is also due to wider social, economic and demographic processess
MNC and TNC
MNC= multi national corporation
TNC= trans national corporation
- Companies that operated in more than one company oftem means the hq of one comany is in one country while the factories will be in another
Push and pull factors of rural to urban migration
Push:
- Population growth, causes over farming, soil erosion, agricultural problems, high levels of diseases
- Natural disasters, wars and civil strikes cause to free the land
Pull:
- Employment factories and service industries, better paid work, earning money from informal sector, better QOL
Megacities
Megacity= a city or aggloneration with a population of more than 10 million
Metacity
Metacity = a conurbation with more than 20 million people
Agglomeration
Agglomeration = urabn area in operating several large twons or cities
World cities
World cities = is a city which ahve great influence on a global scale because of their financial srares and worldwide commercial power
- Three cities have traditionally sar on the top of the global hierarcy - new york, london, tokoyo now being joined by beijing shanghai and mumbai
Edge city
Edge city = a self contained settlement which has emerged beyond the orginal city boundary and developed as a city in its own right
Development of megacities over the past 30 years
-1990; 10
-2014: 28
-2025: 37 (un predicts) - housing over 13% of global population
Characteristics of a world city
- Good transport networks: links to worlds economy, one major international airport, fast rail networks
- Centres for media and communication: for glpbal networks, major manufacturing centres
- High proportion of residents employed in the service information sectors
- Considerable decision making power at global level
- Centre of new ideas in business and politics
- High quality education institutes, including resouces,units, international student attendance
- Multifunctional infrastructure offering best medical and entertainment facilities
- Headquarters of multinational corporrations
- Variety of international finance services
What is GAWC?
GAWC= City rankings are carried out by the globification and world rankings research networks
What are the different city rankings?
Alpha ++ cities : more integrated than all other cityes and constitute their own high level of integration
E.g. London, New York
Alpha + cities: Other highly integrated cities than compliment new york and london
E.g. Tokoyo and Hong-Kong
Alpha and cities: very important world cities that link major economic regions and states inro world economy
Beta level cities: important world cities are instrumental in linking their regions or states into smaller world ecnomies
Gamma level cities: World cities linking smaller regions or states into the world economies or important world cities whose major global city is not adverted power services
E.g. Lahore, St peters burg
What is re-urbanisation?
Re-urbanisation = the movement of people bacn into the inner city areas where populations had previoulsy declined due to a range of social, economic and enviromental
Usually as a rrsult fo government intiatitives to counter the problem of the inner city decline
What is de-industrialisation?
De-industrialisation= refers to the loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector, which occured in the UK in the second half of the twentieth century
What is de-centralisation?
De-centralisation = the movement of population and industry from the urban centre to outlying areas may encompass both counter and sub urbanisation
De-industrialisation
De-industrialisation = is the decline of indusry within a country usually measured by the reduction of idnustry employment
Began in the mid-20th century in the developed countries through recent decades is apparent in developing countries
Characterisitics of de industrialisted areas
- Areas have unemployment - results in sufficient support to create new suitable employment opporunties by the gov
- Social deprivation qol depleted
Causes of de-industrialisation
- Mechanism = firms can produce their own goods more cheaply by using machines
- Competition= from abroad particularly the rapidly industrialising countries, china taiwan, reduced demand for traditional products new materials and technologies ahve been developed
Social impacts of de-industrilisation
- Increased unemployment
- higher levels of deprivation
- Outmigration of population
- higher levels of crime, family breakdown and other social problems
- Loss of confidence and morale population
Economic impacts of de-industrilisation
- Loss of jobs and personal disposable incomes
- Closure of businesses which support closing indusry
- Loss of tax income to local authority and potential decline in servuces
- Increase in demand for state benefits
- Loss of income in service sector as a result of falling spending power of local population
- Decline in property prices
Enviromental impacts on de-industrilisation
- Derelict land and buildings
- long term pollution of land from dirty industries
- Deteriorating infrastructure
- Reduced maintenance of local housing caused by lower personal income and local authroity incomes
Positive:
-reduciton in noise, land, water pollution and reduced traffic congestion
De-centralisation
De-centralisation= is the movement of population and industry from urban centre to outlying areas
Causes of de-centralisation
Causes:
- Inner city laked suitable land for expansion of existing manufacturing so new investmeg was focused in the edge of urban areas or in more rural areas
What is the rise in service economy
Rise in service economy = is an economy where the dominant source of economic growth is through providing source of econimic growth is through providing services rather than goods
- Covers a wide range of acitivities
- Terirary activities: financial services (banking accounting, insurance
- Quartenery activityes: Knowleged, ideas main outoutrs (advertisingm computer programming)
