Contemporary urban enviroments

Question 1

Ubranisation

Answer 1

Ubranisation = the increase in the proportion of a countrys population that live in urban areas

Question 2

Natural population growth

Answer 2

Natural popultion growth occurs where birth rate is greater than death rate

-Urban areas tend to have a relativley young age profiles usually young adults (15-40 years) migrating and are lured by the prospect of higher paid jobs, better educational opportunities and greater cultural and social behaviours
- MIgrants are in their fertile years so rates of natural increase are higher in cities than rural areas

E.G. Nappyville in london due to high proportion of young families living there

Question 3

What is the total world population expected to grow by 2045?

Answer 3

• A surpus of 6 billion with much of the growth from LICS
• Many areas projected to be urban in 2040 have not yet been built e.g.india 70% of it is not built

Question 4

How has urban populations changed since 1945?

Answer 4

-Growth from 756m in 1950 to 3.9b in 2014
- Most urbanised regions include northen america (82% living in urban regions in 2014, latin america and caribean 80%and europe 73%
- Africa and Asias are mostly rural, 40% and 48% living in urban areas
- 3 countries are expected to account for 37% of the projected growth of the worlds urban population between 2014 and 2050
- India expected to add 104km dweller, china 292m and nigeria 212m

Question 5

What are the causes and consquences of urbanisation?

Answer 5

Causes:
- Natural causes of population growth (births) Rural- urban migration, better paid jobs, more job opportunities, higher standards of living etc

Consquences:
- Shortage of affordable housing in higher income cities, rising demand in house prices has led to a dramatic increase in house prices and rental costs/ lack of services and waste disposal, transport issues, unemployment and underemployment

Question 6

Urban growth

Answer 6

Urban growth = is an increase in the number of urban dwellers

Causes of urban growth = Natural population growth, rural to urban migration

Question 7

Urban sprawl

Answer 7

Urban sprawl = The spread of an urban area into the sorrounding countryside

Question 8

What is sub-urbanisation?

Answer 8

Sub-urbanisation = the movement of people from living in the inner part of the city to the outer edge

• Has be faciliated in the late twentieith century by the developmet of transport networks and increase in car ownership, allowing people to commute to work

Question 9

Ribbon developments

Answer 9

Ribbion developments occured inn 1930s, fewer planning controls and urban growth took place alongside main roads

By 1940s the growth of ribbion developments became a concern and green belts were created

Question 10

Green belts

Answer 10

Green belts = are areas of open space and low density land use around towns where further development was slightly controlled

Question 11

Green belt boundaries

Answer 11

Green belt boundaries = can be changed by the council

Question 12

Brownfield land

Answer 12

Brownfield land = previoulsy developed land

Question 13

Doughnut effect/Dead Heart Symdrone

Answer 13

DHS= Refers to the development where city centre becomes more hollow or empty as businesses and people move into the outskirts of the city

Question 14

Causes and consquences of DHS

Answer 14

Causes:
- The rise of motocar, cheapness of land at edge of city, rise in out of town shopping centres, lack of investment in cbd/inner city, dereliction of building, decline of shopping enviroment, overcrowding, poor air quality, crime, poor parking avalability

Consquences
- Urban decline; the deteriation of the inner city caused by lack of service and maintenance
- Urban deprivation; a standard of liing below that of the majority in a particular society
- Urban change; involves any change within the urban enviroment associated with growth or decline of an urban area

Question 15

Counter urbanisation

Answer 15

Counter urbanisation =movement from large urban areas into smaller urban areas or rural areas

E.g. leapfrogging the rural-urban fringe

Results in increased commuting and ict usage

Question 16

Push and pull factors of counter urbanisation

Answer 16

Push factors:
- Air pollution, crime rates, overcrowding, traffic congestion, old housing, lack of gardens, lack of open space and parks

Pull factors:
- Cleaner enviroment (less noise and air pollution) safer enviroment (lower crime rates) pleasent scenary and countryside, safer enviroment for children and more green space

Question 17

Positive and negative impacts of counter-urbanisation

Answer 17

Positive impacts:
- Brings in more business for local workers e.g. plumbers
- Local farmers benefit as newcomers support local
- More exclusive luxury housing

Negative impacts:
- Increased value in houses, becomes major issue for exisiting residents
- Conflict between newcomers and exisiting residents
- Decline in traditional farming

Question 18

Urban resurgence

Answer 18

Urban resurgence (re-urbanisation) = refers to the regeneration both economical and structual of an irban area which has suffered a period of decline

This is often intiated by re-development schemes but is also due to wider social, economic and demographic processess

Question 19

MNC and TNC

Answer 19

MNC= multi national corporation

TNC= trans national corporation

• Companies that operated in more than one company oftem means the hq of one comany is in one country while the factories will be in another

Question 20

Push and pull factors of rural to urban migration

Answer 20

Push:
- Population growth, causes over farming, soil erosion, agricultural problems, high levels of diseases
- Natural disasters, wars and civil strikes cause to free the land

Pull:
- Employment factories and service industries, better paid work, earning money from informal sector, better QOL

Question 21

What are millionaire cities?

Answer 21

Millionaire cities = cities with more than 1 million population

Question 22

Megacities

Answer 22

Megacity= a city or aggloneration with a population of more than 10 million

Question 23

Metacity

Answer 23

Metacity = a conurbation with more than 20 million people

Question 24

Agglomeration

Answer 24

Agglomeration = urabn area in operating several large twons or cities

Question 25

World cities

Answer 25

World cities = is a city which ahve great influence on a global scale because of their financial srares and worldwide commercial power

• Three cities have traditionally sar on the top of the global hierarcy - new york, london, tokoyo now being joined by beijing shanghai and mumbai

Question 26

Edge city

Answer 26

Edge city = a self contained settlement which has emerged beyond the orginal city boundary and developed as a city in its own right

Question 27

Development of megacities over the past 30 years

Answer 27

-1990; 10
-2014: 28
-2025: 37 (un predicts) - housing over 13% of global population

Question 29

Characteristics of a world city

Answer 29

• Good transport networks: links to worlds economy, one major international airport, fast rail networks
• Centres for media and communication: for glpbal networks, major manufacturing centres
• High proportion of residents employed in the service information sectors
• Considerable decision making power at global level
• Centre of new ideas in business and politics
• High quality education institutes, including resouces,units, international student attendance
• Multifunctional infrastructure offering best medical and entertainment facilities
• Headquarters of multinational corporrations
• Variety of international finance services

Question 30

What is GAWC?

Answer 30

GAWC= City rankings are carried out by the globification and world rankings research networks

Question 31

What are the different city rankings?

Answer 31

Alpha ++ cities : more integrated than all other cityes and constitute their own high level of integration
E.g. London, New York

Alpha + cities: Other highly integrated cities than compliment new york and london
E.g. Tokoyo and Hong-Kong

Alpha and cities: very important world cities that link major economic regions and states inro world economy

Beta level cities: important world cities are instrumental in linking their regions or states into smaller world ecnomies

Gamma level cities: World cities linking smaller regions or states into the world economies or important world cities whose major global city is not adverted power services
E.g. Lahore, St peters burg

Question 32

What is re-urbanisation?

Answer 32

Re-urbanisation = the movement of people bacn into the inner city areas where populations had previoulsy declined due to a range of social, economic and enviromental

Usually as a rrsult fo government intiatitives to counter the problem of the inner city decline

Question 33

What is de-industrialisation?

Answer 33

De-industrialisation= refers to the loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector, which occured in the UK in the second half of the twentieth century

Question 34

What is de-centralisation?

Answer 34

De-centralisation = the movement of population and industry from the urban centre to outlying areas may encompass both counter and sub urbanisation

Question 35

De-industrialisation

Answer 35

De-industrialisation = is the decline of indusry within a country usually measured by the reduction of idnustry employment

Began in the mid-20th century in the developed countries through recent decades is apparent in developing countries

Question 36

Characterisitics of de industrialisted areas

Answer 36

• Areas have unemployment - results in sufficient support to create new suitable employment opporunties by the gov
• Social deprivation qol depleted

Question 37

Causes of de-industrialisation

Answer 37

• Mechanism = firms can produce their own goods more cheaply by using machines
• Competition= from abroad particularly the rapidly industrialising countries, china taiwan, reduced demand for traditional products new materials and technologies ahve been developed

Question 38

Social impacts of de-industrilisation

Answer 38

• Increased unemployment
• higher levels of deprivation
• Outmigration of population
• higher levels of crime, family breakdown and other social problems
• Loss of confidence and morale population

Question 39

Economic impacts of de-industrilisation

Answer 39

• Loss of jobs and personal disposable incomes
• Closure of businesses which support closing indusry
• Loss of tax income to local authority and potential decline in servuces
• Increase in demand for state benefits
• Loss of income in service sector as a result of falling spending power of local population
• Decline in property prices

Question 40

Enviromental impacts on de-industrilisation

Answer 40

• Derelict land and buildings
• long term pollution of land from dirty industries
• Deteriorating infrastructure
• Reduced maintenance of local housing caused by lower personal income and local authroity incomes

Positive:
-reduciton in noise, land, water pollution and reduced traffic congestion

Question 41

De-centralisation

Answer 41

De-centralisation= is the movement of population and industry from urban centre to outlying areas

Question 42

Causes of de-centralisation

Answer 42

Causes:
- Inner city laked suitable land for expansion of existing manufacturing so new investmeg was focused in the edge of urban areas or in more rural areas

Question 43

What is the rise in service economy

Answer 43

Rise in service economy = is an economy where the dominant source of economic growth is through providing source of econimic growth is through providing services rather than goods

• Covers a wide range of acitivities
• Terirary activities: financial services (banking accounting, insurance
• Quartenery activityes: Knowleged, ideas main outoutrs (advertisingm computer programming)