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Geography A > Urban issues & challenges > Flashcards

Urban issues & challenges Flashcards

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1
Q

What is urbanisation

A

This is an increase in the amount of people living in urban areas such as towns or cities. In 2007, the UN announced that for the first time, more than 50 % of the world’s population live in urban areas. ​

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2
Q

Where is urbanization happening

A

Urbanisation is happening all over the word but in LICs and NEEs rates are much faster than HICs. This is mostly because of the rapid economic growth they are experiencing.​

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3
Q

What is sustainable urban living

A

Sustainable urban living means being able to live in cities in ways that do not pollute the environment and using resources in ways that ensure future generations also can use then. ​

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4
Q

Sustainable urban living - Water conservation

A

This is about reducing the amount of water used. ​

Collecting rainwater for gardens and flushing toilets. ​

Installing water meters and toilets that flush less water. ​

Educating people on using less water.

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5
Q

Sustainable urban living - Energy conservation

A

Using less fossil fuels can reduce the rate of climate change.​

Promoting renewable energy sources. ​

Making homes more energy efficient.​

Encouraging people to use energy.

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6
Q

Sustainable urban living - Creating green space

A

Creating green spaces in urban areas can improve places for people who want to live there. ​

Provide natural cooler areas for people to relax in. ​

Encourages people to exercise. ​

Reduces the risk of flooding from surface runoff.

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7
Q

Sustainable urban living - Waste recycling

A

More recycling means fewer resources are used. Less waste reduces the amount that eventually goes to landfill.​

Collection of household waste. ​

More local recycling facilities.​

Greater awareness of the benefits in recycling.

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8
Q

Traffic management

A

Urban areas are busy places with many people travelling by different modes of transport. This has caused urban areas to experience different traffic congestion that can lead to various problems. ​

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9
Q

Traffic management - Environmental problems

A

Traffic increases air pollution which releases greenhouse gases that is leading to climate change.​

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10
Q

Traffic management - Economic problems

A

Congestion can make people late for work and business deliveries take longer. This can cause companies to loose money.​

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11
Q

Traffic management - Social problems

A

There is a greater risk of accidents and congestion is a cause of frustration. Traffic can also lead to health issues for pedestrians.​

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12
Q

Congestion problems

A

Widen roads to allow more traffic to flow easily.​

Build ring roads and bypasses to keep through traffic out of city centres. ​

Introduce park and ride schemes to reduce car use.​

Encourage car-sharing schemes in work places.​

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13
Q

Megacities

A

An urban area with over 10 million people living there.

More than two thirds of current megacities are located in either NEEs (Brazil) and LICs (Nigeria). The amount of megacities are predicted to increase from 28 to 41 by 2030.​

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14
Q

Integrated transport system

A

This is the linking of different forms of public and private transport within a city and the surrounding area. ​

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15
Q

Brownfield site

A

Brownfield sites is an area of land or premises that has been previously used, but has subsequently become vacant, derelict or contaminated. ​

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16
Q

Freiburg - background and location

A

Freiburg is in west Germany. The city has a population of about 220,000. In 1970 it set the goal of focusing on social, economic and environmental sustainability.​

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17
Q

Freiburg - Sustainable strategies

A

The city’s waste water allows for rainwater to be retained.​

The use of sustainable energy such as solar and wind is becoming more important.​

40% of the city is forested with many open spaces for recreation, clean air and reducing flood risk.​

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18
Q

Traffic management: Bristol

A

In 2012 Bristol was the most congested city in the UK. Now the city aims to develop it’s integrated transport system to encourage more people to use the public transport. The city has also invested in cycle routes and hiring schemes. ​

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19
Q

Greenbelt area

A

This is a zone of land surrounding a city where new building is strictly controlled to try to prevent cities growing too much and too fast.​

20
Q

Urban regenration

A

The investment in the revival of old, urban areas by either improving what is there or clearing it away and rebuilding.​

21
Q

Causes of urban migration - push factors

A

Natural disasters​

War and Conflict ​

Mechanization ​

Drought ​

Lack of employment

22
Q

Causes of urban migration - pull factors

A

More Jobs ​

Better education & healthcare​

Increased quality of life.​

Following family members.​

23
Q

What is urbanisation

A

The movement of people from rural to urban areas.​

24
Q

What is natural increase

A

When the birth rate exceeds the death rate.​

25
Q

Increase in birth rate

A

High percentage of population are child-bearing age which leads to high fertility rate.​

Lack of contraception or education about family planning.​

26
Q

Lower death rate

A

Higher life expectancy due to better living conditions and diet.​

Improved medical facilities helps lower infant mortality rate.​

27
Q

Location and background of London

A

London is a city in South England. The population of the city is 8.96 million, making it the largest in the UK. The city grew during the 18th century due to trade. ​

28
Q

Importance of London

A

London is classed as a ‘world city’​

It is one of the most important financial cities in the world​

London is the centre for many national and international media and communications networks​

Houses many renowned universities and research facilities​

In a centre for culture, entertainment and tourism.​

29
Q

Migration to London

A

During the industrial revolution, the population dramatically increased with people migrating from nearby rural communities. ​

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With the attraction of working in the large steelworks or mines, international migrates from Ireland, Pakistan and the Caribbean came to work in London from 1900-1960. ​

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More recently, migrants have arrived from Bangladesh. Also London has attracted thousands of students from the UK & abroad.

30
Q

Social opportunities of London

A

Social: London has various cultural attractions such as Shoreditch, China Town, markets and theatres . Covent Garden market, Oxford Street and Regents Street are very popular with shoppers.​

31
Q

Economic opportunities of London

A

Economic: The retail sectors contribute to thousands of jobs. The Universities and advanced manufacturing adds contribute to the city’s economy.​

32
Q

Environmental opportunities of London

A

Environmental: London is one of the greenest cities in Europe (47% is green space). It has various open spaces (i.e. the Hyde Park) for residents to enjoy.​

33
Q

Social challenges of London

A

Social: House prices have increased along with greater house shortages. ​

Over 2 million people in London live in Poverty.​

34
Q

Economic challenges of London

A

Economic: Closure of the docks and factories caused large scale unemployment.​

Poor transport connections to large economic hubs such as Liverpool and Manchester.​

35
Q

Environmental challenges of London

A

Environmental: Urban sprawl has led to increased pressure and decline of greenfield sites around the city.​

36
Q

Lower Lea Valley regeneration project

A

The Lower Lea Valley. To clean up the urban environment, improve the old derelict industrial sites and improve public spaces with more green urban environments. ​

​

Main features: Brownfield sites and derelict buildings pulled down, £274 million invested on its train station to improve connections, green open spaces with the construction of the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park- 100 hectares of open space, building 500 affordable homes in the area and improving the retail area to attract more businesses to the area​

37
Q

Rio location and background

A

Rio is a coastal city situated in the South East region of Brazil within the continent of South America. It is the second most populated city in the country (6.5 million) after Sao Paulo.​

38
Q

Rio importance

A

Has the second largest GDP in Brazil It is headquarters to many of Brazil’s main companies, particularly with Oil and Gas.​

Sugar Loaf mountain is one of the seven wonders of the world.​

One of the most visited places in the Southern Hemisphere. ​

Hosted the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Summer Olympics.​

39
Q

Migration to Rio

A

The city began when Portuguese settlers with slaves arrived in 1502. Since then, Rio has become home to various ethnic groups.​

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However, more recently, millions of people have migrated from rural areas that have suffered from drought, lack of services and unemployment to Rio. People do this to search for a better quality of life. ​

​

This expanding population has resulted in the rapid urbanisation of Rio de Janeiro.​

40
Q

Social opportunities of Rio

A

Social: Standards of living are gradually improving. The Rio Carnival is an important cultural event for traditional dancing and music.​

41
Q

Economic opportunities of Rio

A

Economic: Rio has one of the highest incomes per person in the country. The city has various types of employment including oil, retail and manufacturing.​

42
Q

Environmental opportunities of Rio

A

Environmental: The hosting of the major sporting events encouraged more investment in sewage works and public transport systems.​

43
Q

Social challenges of Rio

A

Social: There is a severe shortage of housing, schools and healthcare centres available. Large scale social inequality, is creating tensions between the rich and poor.​

44
Q

Economic challenges of Rio

A

The rise of informal jobs with low pay and no tax contributions. There is high employment in shanty towns called Favelas​

45
Q

Environmental challenges of Rio

A

Shanty towns called Favelas are established around the city, typically on unfavourable land, such as hills. ​

Geography A (17 decks)

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