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Geography A > Focused > Flashcards

Focused Flashcards

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1
Q

Environmental benefits of Banbury flood scheme

A

. 100000 tonnes of earth uses to build embankments
. New biodiversity action plan habitat
. Part of the floodplain allowed to be deliberately flooded

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2
Q

Economic benefits of Banbury flood scheme

A

. 18.5 million
. Donors included Environment Agency and Cherwell District Council
. Benefits estimated to be over 100 million

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3
Q

Social benefits of the Banbury flood scheme

A

. A361 route into Banbury will be opened during flooding avoiding disrupting people’s lives
. Quality of life improved with footpaths and green areas
. Reduced levels of anxiety and depression

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4
Q

Primary effects of Typhoon Haiyan

A

. 6300 people killed
. 600,000 people displaced
. 40,000 homes damaged or flattened

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5
Q

Secondary effects of Typhoon Haiyan

A

. 14 million people affected
. 6 million people lost their source of income
. Power supplies in areas cut off for a month
. Looting and violence broke out in Tacloban

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6
Q

Effects of the Chile earthquake

A

800,000 people affected.​

220,000 homes, 4500 schools destroyed.​

Port of Talcahuanao and Santiago airport badly damaged.​

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7
Q

Management / responses to the Chile earthquakes

A

International help was sent quickly.​

Temporary repairs were made to important highways within 24 hours​

Power and water restored to 90% of homes within 10 days​

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8
Q

Effects of the Nepal Earthquake

A

8 million people affected​
3 Million left homeless.​
9000 people died

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9
Q

Management / response to Nepal Earthquake

A

Many countries responded with appeals or rescue teams.​

Heavily relied on international aid. ​

98% of rubble remained after 6 months.

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10
Q

Additional flood defense measures of the Banbury defense system

A

. Raising the A361 road in the flood storage area
. New earth embankments and floodwalls
. New pumping station

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11
Q

Causes of the 2003 UK Heat Wave

A

The heat wave was caused by an anticyclone (areas of high pressure) that stayed in the area for most of August. This blocked any low pressure systems that normally brings cooler and rainier conditions

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12
Q

Effects of the 2003 UK Heat Wave

A

People suffered from heat strokes and dehydration. ​

2000 people died from causes linked to heatwave. ​

Rail network disrupted and crop yields were low. ​

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13
Q

Management of the 2003 UK Heat Wave

A

The NHS and media gave guidance to the public.​

Limitations placed on water use (hose pipe ban). ​

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14
Q

Suspension

A

Sediment is carried along in the flow of water

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15
Q

Saltation

A

Pebbles that bounce along the sea/ river bed

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16
Q

Traction

A

Boulders that roll along a river/sea bed by the force of the flowing water`

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17
Q

What is Mass movement

A

A large movement of soil and rock debris that moves down slopes in response to the pull of gravity in a vertical direction

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18
Q

Mass Movement

A
  1. Rain saturates the permeable rock above the impermeable rock making it heavy
  2. Waves or a river will erode the base of the slope making it unstable
  3. Eventually the weight of the permeable rock above the impermeable rock weakens and collapses
  4. The debris at the base of the cliff is then removed and transported by waves or river
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19
Q

Types of weathering

A

Carbonation
Mechanical

20
Q

Carbonation

A

Breakdown of rock by changing its chemical composition

21
Q

Mechanical

A

Breakdown of rock without changing its chemical composition

22
Q

Precipitation

A

Moisture falling from clouds as rain, snow or hail

23
Q

Interception

A

Vegetation prevent water reaching the ground

24
Q

Surface Runoff

A

Water flowing over surface of the land into rivers

25
Q

Infiltration

A

Water absorbed into the soil from the ground

26
Q

Transpiration

A

Water lost through leaves of plants

27
Q

Examples of Physical causes of Flooding

A

Prolong and Heavy rainfall
Relief
Geology

28
Q

Prolong and Heavy rainfall

A

Long periods of rain causes soil to become saturated leading runoff

29
Q

Relief

A

Steep-sided valleys channels water to flow quickly into rivers causing greater discharge

30
Q

Geology

A

Impermeable rocks causes surface runoff to increase river discharge

31
Q

Land Use

A

Tarmac and concrete are impermeable. This prevents infiltration & causes surface runoff

32
Q

Examples of Soft Engineering (rivers)

A

Afforestation
Demountable Flood Barriers
Managed Flooding

33
Q

Examples of Hard Engineering

A

Straightening Channel
Artificial Levees
Deepening or widening river

34
Q

Afforestation

A

plant trees to soak up rainwater, reduces flood risk

35
Q

Demountable flood barriers

A

put in place when warning raised

36
Q

Managed flooding

A

naturally let areas flood, protect settlements

37
Q

Straightening channel

A

increases velocity to remove flood water

38
Q

Artificial levees

A

heightens river so flood water is contained

39
Q

What is Peak Discharge

A

The discharge in a period of time

40
Q

Lag time

A

Delay between peak rainfall and peak discharge

41
Q

Rising limb

A

Increase in river discharge

42
Q

Falling limb

A

the decrease in river discharge to normal level

43
Q

Hydrograph

A

a graph showing the rate of flow (discharge

44
Q

River Discharge

A

River discharge is the volume of water that flows in a river

45
Q

Location and Background of the River Tees

A

Located in the North of England and flows 137km from the Pennines to the North Sea at Red Car. ​

46
Q

Management of the River Tees

A

Dams and reservoirs in the upper course, controls river’s flow during high & low rainfall
Better flood warning systems, more flood zoning and river dredging reduces flooding.

Geography A (17 decks)

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