Focused Flashcards
Environmental benefits of Banbury flood scheme
. 100000 tonnes of earth uses to build embankments
. New biodiversity action plan habitat
. Part of the floodplain allowed to be deliberately flooded
Economic benefits of Banbury flood scheme
. 18.5 million
. Donors included Environment Agency and Cherwell District Council
. Benefits estimated to be over 100 million
Social benefits of the Banbury flood scheme
. A361 route into Banbury will be opened during flooding avoiding disrupting people’s lives
. Quality of life improved with footpaths and green areas
. Reduced levels of anxiety and depression
Primary effects of Typhoon Haiyan
. 6300 people killed
. 600,000 people displaced
. 40,000 homes damaged or flattened
Secondary effects of Typhoon Haiyan
. 14 million people affected
. 6 million people lost their source of income
. Power supplies in areas cut off for a month
. Looting and violence broke out in Tacloban
Effects of the Chile earthquake
800,000 people affected.
220,000 homes, 4500 schools destroyed.
Port of Talcahuanao and Santiago airport badly damaged.
Management / responses to the Chile earthquakes
International help was sent quickly.
Temporary repairs were made to important highways within 24 hours
Power and water restored to 90% of homes within 10 days
Effects of the Nepal Earthquake
8 million people affected
3 Million left homeless.
9000 people died
Management / response to Nepal Earthquake
Many countries responded with appeals or rescue teams.
Heavily relied on international aid.
98% of rubble remained after 6 months.
Additional flood defense measures of the Banbury defense system
. Raising the A361 road in the flood storage area
. New earth embankments and floodwalls
. New pumping station
Causes of the 2003 UK Heat Wave
The heat wave was caused by an anticyclone (areas of high pressure) that stayed in the area for most of August. This blocked any low pressure systems that normally brings cooler and rainier conditions
Effects of the 2003 UK Heat Wave
People suffered from heat strokes and dehydration.
2000 people died from causes linked to heatwave.
Rail network disrupted and crop yields were low.
Management of the 2003 UK Heat Wave
The NHS and media gave guidance to the public.
Limitations placed on water use (hose pipe ban).
Suspension
Sediment is carried along in the flow of water
Saltation
Pebbles that bounce along the sea/ river bed
Traction
Boulders that roll along a river/sea bed by the force of the flowing water`
What is Mass movement
A large movement of soil and rock debris that moves down slopes in response to the pull of gravity in a vertical direction
Mass Movement
- Rain saturates the permeable rock above the impermeable rock making it heavy
- Waves or a river will erode the base of the slope making it unstable
- Eventually the weight of the permeable rock above the impermeable rock weakens and collapses
- The debris at the base of the cliff is then removed and transported by waves or river
Types of weathering
Carbonation
Mechanical
Carbonation
Breakdown of rock by changing its chemical composition
Mechanical
Breakdown of rock without changing its chemical composition
Precipitation
Moisture falling from clouds as rain, snow or hail
Interception
Vegetation prevent water reaching the ground
Surface Runoff
Water flowing over surface of the land into rivers
Infiltration
Water absorbed into the soil from the ground
Transpiration
Water lost through leaves of plants
Examples of Physical causes of Flooding
Prolong and Heavy rainfall
Relief
Geology
Prolong and Heavy rainfall
Long periods of rain causes soil to become saturated leading runoff
Relief
Steep-sided valleys channels water to flow quickly into rivers causing greater discharge
Geology
Impermeable rocks causes surface runoff to increase river discharge
Land Use
Tarmac and concrete are impermeable. This prevents infiltration & causes surface runoff
Examples of Soft Engineering (rivers)
Afforestation
Demountable Flood Barriers
Managed Flooding
Examples of Hard Engineering
Straightening Channel
Artificial Levees
Deepening or widening river
Afforestation
plant trees to soak up rainwater, reduces flood risk
Demountable flood barriers
put in place when warning raised
Managed flooding
naturally let areas flood, protect settlements
Straightening channel
increases velocity to remove flood water
Artificial levees
heightens river so flood water is contained
What is Peak Discharge
The discharge in a period of time
Lag time
Delay between peak rainfall and peak discharge
Rising limb
Increase in river discharge
Falling limb
the decrease in river discharge to normal level
Hydrograph
a graph showing the rate of flow (discharge
River Discharge
River discharge is the volume of water that flows in a river
Location and Background of the River Tees
Located in the North of England and flows 137km from the Pennines to the North Sea at Red Car.
Management of the River Tees
Dams and reservoirs in the upper course, controls river’s flow during high & low rainfall
Better flood warning systems, more flood zoning and river dredging reduces flooding.
