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Geography A > Physical Landscapes in the UK 2 > Flashcards

Physical Landscapes in the UK 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Examples of Hard Engineering defenses

A

Groynes
Sea Walls
Gabions or Rip Rap

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2
Q

Examples of Soft Engineering defences

A

Beach Nourishment
Managed Retreat

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3
Q

Water Cycle Key Terms

A

Precipitation
Interception
Surface Runoff
Infiltration
Transpiration

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4
Q

Precipitation

A

Moisture falling from clouds as rain, snow or hail

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5
Q

Interception

A

Vegetation prevent water reaching the ground

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6
Q

Surface Runoff

A

Water flowing over surface of the land into rivers

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7
Q

Infiltration

A

Water absorbed into the soil from the ground

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8
Q

Transpiration

A

Water lost through leaves of plants

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9
Q

Examples of Physical causes of Flooding

A

Prolong and Heavy rainfall
Relief
Geology

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10
Q

Examples of Human causes of Flooding

A

Land use

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11
Q

Prolong and Heavy rainfall

A

Long periods of rain causes soil to become saturated leading runoff

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12
Q

Relief

A

Steep-sided valleys channels water to flow quickly into rivers causing greater discharge

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13
Q

Geology

A

Impermeable rocks causes surface runoff to increase river discharge

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14
Q

Land Use

A

Tarmac and concrete are impermeable. This prevents infiltration & causes surface runoff

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15
Q

Lower course of a river

A

Near the river’s mouth, the river widens further and becomes flatter. Material transported is deposited

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16
Q

Formation of Floodplains and levees

A

When a river floods, fine silt/alluvium is deposited on the valley floor. Closer to the river’s banks, the heavier materials build up to form natural levees

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17
Q

What do floodplains and levees cause

A

Nutrient rich soil that makes it ideal for farming
Flat land for building houses

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18
Q

What are the two types of river management schemes

A

Soft Engineering
Hard Engineering

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19
Q

Examples of Soft Engineering (rivers)

A

Afforestation
Demountable Flood Barriers
Managed Flooding

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20
Q

Examples of Hard Engineering

A

Straightening Channel
Artificial Levees
Deepening or widening river

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21
Q

Afforestation

A

plant trees to soak up rainwater, reduces flood risk

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22
Q

Demountable flood barriers

A

put in place when warning raised

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23
Q

Managed flooding

A

naturally let areas flood, protect settlements

24
Q

Straightening channel

A

increases velocity to remove flood water

25
Q

Artificial levees

A

heightens river so flood water is contained

26
Q

Deepening or widening river

A

to increase capacity for a flood

27
Q

What is River Discharge and Hydrographs

A

River discharge is the volume of water that flows in a river. Hydrographs who discharge at a certain point in a river changes over time

28
Q

What is Peak Discharge

A

The discharge in a period of time

29
Q

Lag time

A

Delay between peak rainfall and peak discharge

30
Q

Rising limb

A

Increase in river discharge

31
Q

Falling limb

A

the decrease in river discharge to normal level

32
Q

Location and Background of the River Tees

A

Located in the North of England and flows 137km from the Pennines to the North Sea at Red Car. ​

33
Q

Upper course of the River Tees

A

Features include V-Shaped valley, rapids and waterfalls. Highforce Waterfall drops 21m and is made from harder Whinstone and softer limestone rocks. Gradually a gorge has been formed

34
Q

Middle course of the River Tees

A

Features include meanders and ox-bow lakes. The meander near Yarm encloses the town

35
Q

Lower course of the River Tees

A

Greater lateral erosion creates features such as floodplains & levees. Mudflats at the river’s estuary

36
Q

Management of the River Tees

A

Towns such as Yarm and Middleborough are economically and socially important due to houses and jobs that are located there
Dams and reservoirs in the upper course, controls river’s flow during high & low rainfall
Better flood warning systems, more flood zoning and river dredging reduces flooding.

37
Q

Location and Background of Lyme Regis

A

Lyme Regis is a small coastal town on the south coast of England. It lies at the heart of the world heritage site known as the Jurassic coast and is one of the most spectacular coastlines in the UK, famous for its fossils. It is a popular tourist destination

38
Q

Geomorphic Processes in Lyme Regis

A

Unstable cliffs made from clays and limestone​

Powerful waves from the South West attack the cliffs, eroding the cliff more rapidly than any other coastline in Europe.​

Considerable erosion of the foreshore.​

Flooding has occurred regularly in the past

39
Q

Management in Lyme Regis

A

West Dorset District Council set up the Lyme Regis Environmental Improvement Scheme in the early 1990s to provide long term coastal management.​

This was completed in 3 phases

40
Q

Phase 1

A

(1995) new sea walls and cliff stabilisation completed

41
Q

Phase 2

A

(2005-7) Extension of rock armour and beach widening

42
Q

Phase 3

A

Cliff stabilisation further down the coast and new sea wall. ​

This had both positive and negative outcomes

43
Q

Upper course of a river

A

Near the source, the river flows over steep gradient from the hill/mountains. This gives the river a lot of energy, so it will erode the riverbed vertically to form narrow valleys. ​

44
Q

Formation of a waterfall

A
  1. River flows over alternative types of rocks
  2. River erodes soft rock faster creating a step
  3. Further hydraulic action and abrasion form a plunge pool beneath
  4. Hard rock above is undercut leaving cap rock which collapses providing more material for erosion
  5. Waterfall retreats leaving steep sided gorge
45
Q

Middle course of a river

A

Here the gradient get gentler, so the water has less energy and moves more slowly. The river will begin to erode laterally making the river wider

46
Q

Formation of Oxbow lakes step 1

A

Erosion of outer bank forms river cliff. Deposition inner bank forms slip off slope

47
Q

Formation of Oxbow lakes step 2

A

Further hydraulic action and abrasion of outer banks, neck gets smaller

48
Q

Formation of Oxbow lakes step 3

A

Erosion breaks through neck, so river takes the fastest route, redirecting flow​

49
Q

Formation of Oxbow lakes step 4

A

Evaporation and deposition cuts off main channel leaving an oxbow lake

50
Q

Groynes

A

Wood barriers prevent longshore drift, so the beach can build up
Benefit : Beach still accessible
Drawback : No deposition further down coast = erodes faster

51
Q

Sea walls

A

Concrete walls break up the energy of the wave . Has a lip to stop waves going over.
Benefits :
Long life span
Protects from flooding
Drawbacks : Curved shape encourages erosion of beach deposits

52
Q

Gabions or Rip Rap

A

Cages of rocks/boulders absorb the waves energy, protecting the cliff behind
Benefits :
Cheap​
Local material can be used to look less strange
Drawbacks :
Will need replacing

53
Q

Beach Nourishment

A

Beaches built up with sand, so waves have to travel further before eroding cliffs
Benefits :
Cheap​
Beach for tourists.
Drawbacks :
Storms = need replacing.​
Offshore dredging damages seabed

54
Q

Managed retreat

A

Low value areas of the coast are left to flood & erode
Benefits :
Reduce flood risk​
Creates wildlife habitats
Drawbacks :
Compensation for land

55
Q

Causes of the Chile earthquake

A

The Nazca plate and South American plate move towards each other on a destructive plate margin​

The magnitude 8.8 earthquake struck just off the coast of Chile

56
Q

Causes of Nepal Earthquake

A

. On a destructive plate margin, involving the Indo-Australian & Eurasian plates.​
. Magnitude 7.9 earthquake

Geography A (17 decks)

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