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Geography A > Physical Landscapes in the UK 2 > Flashcards

Physical Landscapes in the UK 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of Hard Engineering defenses

A

Groynes
Sea Walls
Gabions or Rip Rap

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2
Q

Examples of Soft Engineering defences

A

Beach Nourishment
Managed Retreat

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3
Q

Water Cycle Key Terms

A

Precipitation
Interception
Surface Runoff
Infiltration
Transpiration

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4
Q

Precipitation

A

Moisture falling from clouds as rain, snow or hail

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5
Q

Interception

A

Vegetation prevent water reaching the ground

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6
Q

Surface Runoff

A

Water flowing over surface of the land into rivers

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7
Q

Infiltration

A

Water absorbed into the soil from the ground

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8
Q

Transpiration

A

Water lost through leaves of plants

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9
Q

Examples of Physical causes of Flooding

A

Prolong and Heavy rainfall
Relief
Geology

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10
Q

Examples of Human causes of Flooding

A

Land use

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11
Q

Prolong and Heavy rainfall

A

Long periods of rain causes soil to become saturated leading runoff

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12
Q

Relief

A

Steep-sided valleys channels water to flow quickly into rivers causing greater discharge

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13
Q

Geology

A

Impermeable rocks causes surface runoff to increase river discharge

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14
Q

Land Use

A

Tarmac and concrete are impermeable. This prevents infiltration & causes surface runoff

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15
Q

Lower course of a river

A

Near the river’s mouth, the river widens further and becomes flatter. Material transported is deposited

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16
Q

Formation of Floodplains and levees

A

When a river floods, fine silt/alluvium is deposited on the valley floor. Closer to the river’s banks, the heavier materials build up to form natural levees

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17
Q

What do floodplains and levees cause

A

Nutrient rich soil that makes it ideal for farming
Flat land for building houses

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18
Q

What are the two types of river management schemes

A

Soft Engineering
Hard Engineering

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19
Q

Examples of Soft Engineering (rivers)

A

Afforestation
Demountable Flood Barriers
Managed Flooding

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20
Q

Examples of Hard Engineering

A

Straightening Channel
Artificial Levees
Deepening or widening river

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21
Q

Afforestation

A

plant trees to soak up rainwater, reduces flood risk

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22
Q

Demountable flood barriers

A

put in place when warning raised

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23
Q

Managed flooding

A

naturally let areas flood, protect settlements

24
Q

Straightening channel

A

increases velocity to remove flood water

25
Artificial levees
heightens river so flood water is contained
26
Deepening or widening river
to increase capacity for a flood
27
What is River Discharge and Hydrographs
River discharge is the volume of water that flows in a river. Hydrographs who discharge at a certain point in a river changes over time
28
What is Peak Discharge
The discharge in a period of time
29
Lag time
Delay between peak rainfall and peak discharge
30
Rising limb
Increase in river discharge
31
Falling limb
the decrease in river discharge to normal level
32
Location and Background of the River Tees
Located in the North of England and flows 137km from the Pennines to the North Sea at Red Car. ​
33
Upper course of the River Tees
Features include V-Shaped valley, rapids and waterfalls. Highforce Waterfall drops 21m and is made from harder Whinstone and softer limestone rocks. Gradually a gorge has been formed
34
Middle course of the River Tees
Features include meanders and ox-bow lakes. The meander near Yarm encloses the town
35
Lower course of the River Tees
Greater lateral erosion creates features such as floodplains & levees. Mudflats at the river’s estuary
36
Management of the River Tees
Towns such as Yarm and Middleborough are economically and socially important due to houses and jobs that are located there Dams and reservoirs in the upper course,  controls river’s flow during high & low rainfall Better flood warning systems, more flood zoning and river dredging reduces flooding.
37
Location and Background of Lyme Regis
Lyme Regis is a small coastal town on the south coast of England. It lies at the heart of the world heritage site known as the Jurassic coast and is one of the most spectacular coastlines in the UK, famous for its fossils. It is a popular tourist destination
38
Geomorphic Processes in Lyme Regis
Unstable cliffs made from clays and limestone​ Powerful waves from the South West attack the cliffs, eroding the cliff more rapidly than any other coastline in Europe.​ Considerable erosion of the foreshore.​ Flooding has occurred regularly in the past
39
Management in Lyme Regis
West Dorset District Council set up the Lyme Regis Environmental Improvement Scheme in the early 1990s to provide long term coastal management.​ This was completed in 3 phases
40
Phase 1
(1995) new sea walls and cliff stabilisation completed
41
Phase 2
(2005-7) Extension of rock armour and beach widening
42
Phase 3
Cliff stabilisation further down the coast and new sea wall. ​ This had both positive and negative outcomes
43
Upper course of a river
Near the source, the river flows over steep gradient from the hill/mountains. This gives the river a lot of energy, so it will erode the riverbed vertically to form narrow valleys. ​
44
Formation of a waterfall
1. River flows over alternative types of rocks 2. River erodes soft rock faster creating a step 3. Further hydraulic action and abrasion form a plunge pool beneath 4. Hard rock above is undercut leaving cap rock which collapses providing more material for erosion 5. Waterfall retreats leaving steep sided gorge
45
Middle course of a river
Here the gradient get gentler, so the water has less energy and moves more slowly. The river will begin to erode laterally making the river wider
46
Formation of Oxbow lakes step 1
Erosion of outer bank forms river cliff. Deposition inner bank forms slip off slope
47
Formation of Oxbow lakes step 2
Further hydraulic action and abrasion of outer banks, neck gets smaller
48
Formation of Oxbow lakes step 3
Erosion breaks through neck, so river takes the fastest route, redirecting flow​
49
Formation of Oxbow lakes step 4
Evaporation and deposition cuts off main channel leaving an oxbow lake
50
Groynes
Wood barriers prevent longshore drift, so the beach can build up Benefit : Beach still accessible Drawback : No deposition further down coast = erodes faster
51
Sea walls
Concrete walls break up the energy of the wave . Has a lip to stop waves going over. Benefits : Long life span Protects from flooding Drawbacks : Curved shape encourages erosion of beach deposits
52
Gabions or Rip Rap
Cages of rocks/boulders absorb the waves energy, protecting the cliff behind Benefits : Cheap​ Local material can be used to look less strange Drawbacks : Will need replacing
53
Beach Nourishment
Beaches built up with sand, so waves have to travel further before eroding cliffs Benefits : Cheap​ Beach for tourists. Drawbacks : Storms = need replacing.​ Offshore dredging damages seabed
54
Managed retreat
Low value areas of the coast are left to flood & erode Benefits : Reduce flood risk​ Creates wildlife habitats Drawbacks : Compensation for land
55
Causes of the Chile earthquake
The Nazca plate and South American plate move towards each other on a destructive plate margin​ The magnitude 8.8 earthquake struck just off the coast of Chile
56
Causes of Nepal Earthquake
. On a destructive plate margin, involving the Indo-Australian & Eurasian plates.​ . Magnitude 7.9 earthquake

Geography A (17 decks)

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