Urban issues and challenges (London) Flashcards
Define brownfield site
old industrial or inner city site cleared for development
Define dereliciton
abandoned buildings and wasteland
Define economic opportunities
chance to improve living standards through employment
Define greenfield site
site that has never been built or developed on before
Define inequalities
differences between poverty and wealth
Define mega city
city with population of over 10 million
Define natural increase
birth rate higher than death rate
Define urbanisation
increase in proportion of people in urban areas
Define urban sprawl
outskirts of city
What factors cause urbanisation?
- economic development
- pop. growth
- location
- rural to urban
Give examples of push factors for urbanisation
- land scarce
- political/religious persecution
- war
- flooding
- crop failure
Give examples of pull factors for urbanisation
- employment
- services
- political stability
- wealth
- promise of freedom
Define distribution
way in which something is spread over land
Define population density
measurement of people in an area
What does sparsely populated mean?
few people live there
What does densely populated mean?
lots of people live there
Where is London located?
South East of UK
Which hemisphere is London in?
Northern Hemisphere
What is London of the centre of?
longitude
Where is the centre of longitude?
prime meridian
How is London nationally important?
- higher income
- commuters
- higher education
- tertiary sector
How is London important internationally?
- stock exchange
- tourists
- airports
- head offices
- international students
- diversity
How much more do Londoners earn compared to average UK salary?
Londoners earn 23% more
How many people commute to London every day for work?
800,000 people commute to London for work everyday
How many higher education institutions does London have?
London has 40 higher education institutions
Give examples of higher education institutions in London
UCL
LSE
ICL
How many jobs in London are in the tertiary sector?
85% of jobs in the tertiary sector
What does London have the largest of in the world?
largest stock exchange in the world
How many tourists visited London in 2017?
30 million tourists in 2017
Give examples of major airports near London
Heathrow
Gatwick
Stanstead
Where is London ranked on capital city scale?
14th largest capital city
How many international students does London have?
103,000 international students
How many head offices are in London?
15 out of 250 largest companies
Give examples of the worlds 250 largest companies that have head offices in London
KPMG
HSBC
Give examples of the impacts of migration
- health service
- tax
- school results improve
- jobs
- population
Why is London so diverse?
- post colonial migration
- opportunities
- members of EU
- globalisation
How did post colonial migration lead to diversity?
rebuilding Britain after war - diversity / culture
How did opportunities lead to diversity?
jobs
wealth
education
safety
services
How did EU membership lead to diversity?
trade
travel
connections
How did globalisation lead to diversity?
communication
trade
travel
connections
How is cultural impact of migration shown in London?
- chinese culture
- london arts and culture
- london riots
- mini india
How many performers are there during Chinatown Lunar New Year celebrations?
100 performers
What are the causes of London riots?
- divide / racism
- criminal behaviour
- government cuts
- gangs
- unemployment
Define cultural mix
multiple cultures living together
Define multiculturalism
society where numerous ethnic an cultural groups live
What did the 2011 census of London reveal about London?
most diverse place in the World
What are the advantages of London’s cultural mix?
food
music
religion
language
celebrations
Give an example of a cultural celebration in London
Notting Hill Carnival
What are the disadvantages of London’s cultural mix?
poverty
language barrier
Give examples of tourism recreation in London
museums
sightseeing
Give examples of entertainment recreation in London
night life
childcare
theatres
venues
street performers
Give examples of sport recreation in London
Olympics 2012
leisure centres
football clubs
Oxford/Cambridge boat race
How much higher in productivity is London compared to the rest of the country?
40% higher productivity
How much of gross value does London contribute to UK’s overall gross value?
27% contributed to gross value
What are residents of London more likely to be employed as?
managerial professional or associate professional occupations
How many people made up the London workforce in 2017?
5.2 million
How many people from Europe made up the London workforce in 2017?
680,000 people
How many people from across the world made up the London workforce in 2017?
1.3 million
Why do people chose to live in London?
employment opportunities
recreational activities
transport
What is an integrated transport system?
different forms of transport link together
Give specific details of an integrated transport in London
UK motorways converge
Heathrow, Stanstead, Gatwick
Dockland Light Railway
Underground/Overground
Oyster card
How does London provide urban greening?
rooftop green spaces
rivers/canals
Hampstead Heath
Olympic Village
What is urban greening?
increasing amount of green space in city
How much of London is open greenspace?
38% open greenspace
How many rooftop urban greenspaces are there in central London?
700 rooftop urban greenspaces
Give examples of urban greenspaces open to the public
Hampstead Heath
Burnham Beeches
Stoke Common
Queen’s Park
How far is Hampstead Heath from Trafalgar Square?
4 miles from Trafalgar Square
How many people are able to access Central London by Crossrail?
1.5 million people
What are the benefits of Crossrail?
reduced journey times
increased access
increased opportunities
How does Crossrail increase opportunities?
new travel opportunities
- jobs, tourism, recreation
How many people in London own a bike?
1 million people
How many people in London use a bike everyday?
700,000 people use bike everyday
How much has the cycle network in London increased by?
increased by 144%
What is social deprivation?
degree to which a person or community lacks essentials for a decent life
What are the essentials for a decent life that social deprivation lacks?
money
housing
services
How does social deprivation decrease life expectancy?
waiting lists for public healthcare
unhealthy diet
What is urban sprawl?
growth of urban area into surrounding countryside
What is a commuter settlement?
places where people live and travel elsewhere for work
What is a green belt?
open space around cities on which strict planning controls prevent urban development
What can be used to prevent urban sprawl?
green belt
building on brownfield sites
What are the social benefits of building on brownfield sites?
sites available
reduces urban sprawl
public transport better
What are the disadvantages to building on a brownfield site?
land is more expensive
needs decontaminating
old buildings need demolishing
What are the benefits of building on greenfield sites?
land is cheaper
no demolition
no decontamination
What are the disadvantages of building on greenfield sites?
public transport is worse
increases urban sprawl
natural habitats destroyed
Give examples of people who would be against building on greenbelt land
farmers
conservationists
locals
environmentalists
Give examples of people who would be for building on greenbelt land
developers
builders
How long were the Olympic games of 2012?
16 days long
How many athletes were at the Olympic Games of 2012?
11,000 athletes
How many events were there at Olympic Games of 2012?
300 events
How many sports coaches and officials were there at the Olympic Games of 2012?
6000 sports coaches and officials
How many other members of the Olympic community were there at the Olympic Games of 2012?
5000 people
How many sponsors were there for the Olympic Games of 2012?
7000 sponsors
How many journalists were there at the Olympic Games of 2012?
20,000 journalists
How many tickets were sold at the Olympic Games of 2012?
9,000,000 tickets sold
How many spectators were there per day at the Olympic Games of 2012?
5,000,000 spectators per day
How many operational personnel were there at the Olympic Games of 2012?
6300 operational personnel
Why was Regeneration needed?
economic change
social change
What is the second poorest borough in London?
Newham
What was the average annual salary in Newham?
£20,000
What was Newham lacking that led to unemployment?
no training or education for youth
What did the lack of training or education for youth mean for residents of Newham?
find well paid jobs
get out of poverty
How did the Royal Docks create economic development in London in the 1850s?
engineering, chemical, food and textile industries
How many jobs were lost in the Royal Docks between 1950 and 1975?
40,000 jobs lost
How many people left the area when the Royal Docks closed in the 1980s?
10,000 people left
How much private investment funded the Dockland Regeneration Scheme?
£10 billion
What did the Dockland Rengeneration Scheme create?
Dockland Light Railway
How many houses did the Dockland Regeneration Scheme create?
25,000 new homes
Why did the Dockland Regeneration Scheme fail?
jobs did not go to locals
How many jobs did the Dockland Regeneration Scheme create?
100,000 low paid jobs
Give examples of jobs created by the Dockland Regeneration Scheme
cleaning
security guards
Give an example of a factory in Newham that serves Central London
500 factories in Newham
Which community in London is the youngest and most diverse?
Newham
How many people in Newham are under 24?
41% under 24
How many houses in Newham are overcrowded?
1 in 4 houses are overcrowded
How does overcrowding show the social needs for Newham?
poverty
lacking qualifications
overpopulated area
benefits
What was left behind when the Docks closed?
brownfield sites
Why was environmental change needed in the Dockland area?
oil and chemical polluted
toxic waste
illegal rubbish dump
rubbish
Why would environmental change have been beneficial for the Dockland area?
aesthetically pleasing
- attracts
- money
- multiplier
- development
Why can’t smaller businesses afford to relocate in Newham?
land prices increased due to announcement of games due to attraction to area
Give examples of jobs created by economic change in Newham
Stratford City Shopping Centre
Broadcasting Centre
How many new jobs did the Broadcasting Centre create?
50,000 new jobs created
Where is the worst health, housing and qualifications in London?
Newham
What was the New Construction College?
training locals in trades such as plumbing, electrics
Why was the New Construction College needed?
skills learnt at College can be taken elsewhere
What was demolished for the East Village?
Students Halls of residence
travellers’ site
housing estate
Why did the residents of the housing estate not like the demolition of their community?
affordable housing hard to find
How much were those effected by the demolition for the East Village given in compensation?
£8,500 in compensation
What is the East Village?
Olympic village for athletes
Why did the Lea Valley Regional Park need environmental change?
much is polluted
What was created at Three Mills for a permanent waterway to the Thames?
a new lock created
How did environmental change benefit the locals?
- attracts - multiplier
- nicer environment
- improved quality of life
- sports facilities
What changes did environmental development induce for those in Newham?
electric cables underground
old factory land re-landscaped
How did the Olympic Committee attempt to reduce their Carbon footprint?
recycling materials
biodegradable packaging
How were the wildlife dealt with during environmental change?
relocated during the process
- increased awareness
How were locals and businesses involved in Environmental change?
asked to reduce/reuse/recycle at Excel centre
How was the radiation in soil dealt with?
cleaned and brought back to be reused
How much of the materials gained from demolition were re used?
90% of materials
Where is the Olympic park located?
Lea Valley in East London
What are the surrounding boroughs to the Olympic Park?
Hackney
Newham
Tower Hamlets
Greenwich
Waltham forest
Why was the Lower Lea Valley in need of urban regeneration
derelict land
contamination
poor education/unskilled
Why would a local resident be against a bid for urban regeneraion?
have to relocate
compensation not enough
Why would the Mayor of London be for a bid for urban regeneration?
more people to area
- economic benefits
Why would a local resident outside the site be for a bid for urban regeneration?
access to facilities
job opportunities
transport network
house increase in value
Why would the Government be for a bid for urban regeneration?
money brought to UK by tourists
Why would a business owner on the side be against a bid of urban regeneration?
relocating would be expensive
- compensation not enough
What are the social benefits of the Olympic Park regeneration?
Chobam school created to cover all levels of education
What are the economic benefits of the Olympic park regeneration?
- £10 billion for UK economy
- Tube station to Stratford (most connected part of London)
What are the social benefits of the Olympic park regeneration?
stadiums made of 25% recycled materials
What are the social disadvantages of the olympic park regeneration?
450 housing association flats torn down
What did Anne Power (LSE) say about the ‘affordable rents’ for those in the Olympic park area?
the rent for the 2800 new homes would be unaffordable for Newham’s poorest households
What are the economic disadvantages of the olympic park regeneration?
£8.77 billion for tax payer
How much was the olympic park over budget for the tax payer?
£5 billion over budget
What are the environmental disadvantages of the olympic park regeneration?
3.3 million tonnes of carbon dioxide emitted
Why did the olympic park regeneration produce so much carbon emmisions?
materials came from overseas
Give an example of a business that had to relocate for the olympic park regeneration
H Forman and Sons
- one of few that could relocate locally
What happened to the Olympic venues following the games?
all the venues were sold
How much was the media centre sold for?
£330 million
- data company called Infinity
To what extent do you think the Olympic Site is fulfilling its promise to bring new wealth to the area?
- businesses forced to relocate / could not afford to
- olympic venues sold for profit
Evaluate the effectiveness of an urban regeneration product you have studied
economic
- infrastructure / property prices
environmental
- recycled / emissions
social
- east village / remain in poverty
How did the Olympic park regeneration project improve infrastructure?
- 2 underground lines
- high speed ‘javelin’ train to King’s Cross
- Dockland’s Light Railway
- connect to Eurostar
How did the Olympic park regeneration project not benefit the local people?
rents and property prices increased
- locals could not afford
How did the Olympic park regeneration project help housing in the local area?
East Village
How did the Olympic park regeneration project not provide housing for locals in the area?
Anne Power (LSE)
‘not affordable for poorest in Newham’
- 2800 homes made
How did the Olympic park regeneration project have a negative impact on the environment?
produced 3.3 million tonnes of carbon dioxide
Why How did the Olympic park regeneration project benefit the environement?
95% materials gained from demolishing
- prevents pollution
Why do HIC cities have slower rates of growth?
already urbanised
- population already in cities
What are the features of sustainable urban living?
energy conservation
water conservation
waste recycling
creating green space
transport strategies
What are the inputs of a city’s sustainability?
food
water
energy
building materials
What are the outputs of a city’s sustainability?
waste
sewage
pollution
What is an ecological footprint?
area of land or sea needed to produce all inputs a city uses and disposal of its outputs
What is sustainable living?
allows people living now to have things they need without reducing ability of people in future to meet their needs
What green spaces have been created in the East Village?
wetland area with ponds where water is recycled
green rooves
How do green rooves make water more efficient?
slow rate of draining
- filtered and cleaned by ponds
- clean water pumped to village
How do the ponds in the East Village clean the rainwater?
natural filtering by reed beds
How much water does the East village use?
50% less than an urban area
How much energy does the East Village use?
30% less than an urban area
What energy system is used in the East Village to make it effecient?
combined heat and power system
How does a combined heat and power system make energy more effecient?
generates electricity and heat from the same source
- burning biomass
How does the East Village encourage recycling waste?
weekly pickups
recycle bins around Park
reduce reuse recycle
How do water conservation schemes ensure sustainable urban living?
only as much water should be taken as can be replaced
- reduce amount used
How do water conservation schemes use strategies for sustainable urban living?
- collect rainwater
- install less water flush toilets
- install water meters
- encourage less water use
How does creating green space ensure sustainable urban living?
helps people remain there
- want to live and work there
Give social advantages of green spaces for sustainable urban living
- cooler areas
- exercise
- alternative transport
- reduces stress
- happier people
Give environmental advantages of green spaces for sustainable urban living
reduces flooding
reduces air pollution
How do energy conservation schemes aim to ensure sustainable urban living?
reducing use of fossil fuels
Give strategies of energy conservation schemes reducing use of fossil fuels
- promoting renewable sources
- energy efficient
- new homes built for minimum energy
- encourage less energy use
How does waste recycling ensure sustainable urban living?
more recycling
- less resources used
- less waste produced
Give examples of waste recycling strategies to ensure sustainable urban living
- collecting household recycling boxes
- recycling facilities for larger items
- websites
Give examples of websites that encourage waste recycling
Freecycle
Freegle
- items offered for free to others
What are the environmental problems of traffic congestion?
air pollution
- greenhouse gases
- climate change
What are the economic problems of traffic congestion?
delays
- money lost
What are the social problems of traffic congestion?
accidents
frustration
- health issues
delay emergency vehicles
What does the Docklands Light Railway connect?
east London with city centre
How many people use the Docklands Light Railway annually?
110 million people
How can traffic congestion be reduced?
public transport
Give examples of public transport in London
Docklands Light Railway
Underground
Self service bicycles
Oyster cards
How many people use the Underground daily?
3 million passengers daily
What is the aim of Crossrail?
increase rail capacity by 10% in central London
What are the benefits of self service bicycles?
hire for as little as 30mins
cheaper than other modes
What has been developed in London to increase road safety?
bike lanes
bike signals
What do Oyster cards allow people access to?
buses
trains
Underground
some boats
What are the benefits of Oyster cards?
easy and quick to use
topped up automatically
How can traffic congestion by managed?
managing traffic flow
Give examples of managing traffic flow
- ring roads
- bus lanes
- parking restrictions
- congestion charges
- car sharing
- promoting flexible working hours
How can traffic congestion be reduced by ring roads?
keeps traffic from city centre
- less pollution / safe
- keeps cars away from narrow city centre roads
How can traffic congestion be reduced by bus priority lanes?
makes buses more appealing
- stops buses being held up
How can traffic congestion be reduced by parking restrictions?
don’t block traffic flow
What are roads in urban areas that limit stopping or parking?
urban clearways
How can traffic congestion be reduced by congestion charging?
discourages drivers at peak times
- £15 a day
How can traffic congestion be reduced by car sharing?
carpool lanes
- only 2 or more occupants can go
How can traffic congestion be reduced by promoting flexible working hours?
spreads traffic
- avoiding rush hour congestion
