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AQA Geography > Urban issues and challenges (London) > Flashcards

Urban issues and challenges (London) Flashcards

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1
Q

Define brownfield site

A

old industrial or inner city site cleared for development

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2
Q

Define dereliciton

A

abandoned buildings and wasteland

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3
Q

Define economic opportunities

A

chance to improve living standards through employment

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4
Q

Define greenfield site

A

site that has never been built or developed on before

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5
Q

Define inequalities

A

differences between poverty and wealth

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6
Q

Define mega city

A

city with population of over 10 million

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7
Q

Define natural increase

A

birth rate higher than death rate

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8
Q

Define urbanisation

A

increase in proportion of people in urban areas

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9
Q

Define urban sprawl

A

outskirts of city

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10
Q

What factors cause urbanisation?

A
  • economic development
  • pop. growth
  • location
  • rural to urban
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11
Q

Give examples of push factors for urbanisation

A
  • land scarce
  • political/religious persecution
  • war
  • flooding
  • crop failure
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12
Q

Give examples of pull factors for urbanisation

A
  • employment
  • services
  • political stability
  • wealth
  • promise of freedom
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13
Q

Define distribution

A

way in which something is spread over land

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14
Q

Define population density

A

measurement of people in an area

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15
Q

What does sparsely populated mean?

A

few people live there

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16
Q

What does densely populated mean?

A

lots of people live there

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17
Q

Where is London located?

A

South East of UK

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18
Q

Which hemisphere is London in?

A

Northern Hemisphere

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19
Q

What is London of the centre of?

A

longitude

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20
Q

Where is the centre of longitude?

A

prime meridian

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21
Q

How is London nationally important?

A
  • higher income
  • commuters
  • higher education
  • tertiary sector
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22
Q

How is London important internationally?

A
  • stock exchange
  • tourists
  • airports
  • head offices
  • international students
  • diversity
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23
Q

How much more do Londoners earn compared to average UK salary?

A

Londoners earn 23% more

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24
Q

How many people commute to London every day for work?

A

800,000 people commute to London for work everyday

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25
Q

How many higher education institutions does London have?

A

London has 40 higher education institutions

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26
Q

Give examples of higher education institutions in London

A

UCL
LSE
ICL

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27
Q

How many jobs in London are in the tertiary sector?

A

85% of jobs in the tertiary sector

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28
Q

What does London have the largest of in the world?

A

largest stock exchange in the world

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29
Q

How many tourists visited London in 2017?

A

30 million tourists in 2017

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30
Q

Give examples of major airports near London

A

Heathrow
Gatwick
Stanstead

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31
Q

Where is London ranked on capital city scale?

A

14th largest capital city

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32
Q

How many international students does London have?

A

103,000 international students

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33
Q

How many head offices are in London?

A

15 out of 250 largest companies

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34
Q

Give examples of the worlds 250 largest companies that have head offices in London

A

KPMG
HSBC

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35
Q

Give examples of the impacts of migration

A
  • health service
  • tax
  • school results improve
  • jobs
  • population
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36
Q

Why is London so diverse?

A
  • post colonial migration
  • opportunities
  • members of EU
  • globalisation
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37
Q

How did post colonial migration lead to diversity?

A

rebuilding Britain after war - diversity / culture

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38
Q

How did opportunities lead to diversity?

A

jobs
wealth
education
safety
services

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39
Q

How did EU membership lead to diversity?

A

trade
travel
connections

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40
Q

How did globalisation lead to diversity?

A

communication
trade
travel
connections

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41
Q

How is cultural impact of migration shown in London?

A
  • chinese culture
  • london arts and culture
  • london riots
  • mini india
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42
Q

How many performers are there during Chinatown Lunar New Year celebrations?

A

100 performers

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43
Q

What are the causes of London riots?

A
  • divide / racism
  • criminal behaviour
  • government cuts
  • gangs
  • unemployment
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44
Q

Define cultural mix

A

multiple cultures living together

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45
Q

Define multiculturalism

A

society where numerous ethnic an cultural groups live

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46
Q

What did the 2011 census of London reveal about London?

A

most diverse place in the World

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47
Q

What are the advantages of London’s cultural mix?

A

food
music
religion
language
celebrations

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48
Q

Give an example of a cultural celebration in London

A

Notting Hill Carnival

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49
Q

What are the disadvantages of London’s cultural mix?

A

poverty
language barrier

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50
Q

Give examples of tourism recreation in London

A

museums
sightseeing

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51
Q

Give examples of entertainment recreation in London

A

night life
childcare
theatres
venues
street performers

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52
Q

Give examples of sport recreation in London

A

Olympics 2012
leisure centres
football clubs
Oxford/Cambridge boat race

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53
Q

How much higher in productivity is London compared to the rest of the country?

A

40% higher productivity

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54
Q

How much of gross value does London contribute to UK’s overall gross value?

A

27% contributed to gross value

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55
Q

What are residents of London more likely to be employed as?

A

managerial professional or associate professional occupations

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56
Q

How many people made up the London workforce in 2017?

A

5.2 million

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57
Q

How many people from Europe made up the London workforce in 2017?

A

680,000 people

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58
Q

How many people from across the world made up the London workforce in 2017?

A

1.3 million

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59
Q

Why do people chose to live in London?

A

employment opportunities
recreational activities
transport

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60
Q

What is an integrated transport system?

A

different forms of transport link together

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61
Q

Give specific details of an integrated transport in London

A

UK motorways converge
Heathrow, Stanstead, Gatwick
Dockland Light Railway
Underground/Overground
Oyster card

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62
Q

How does London provide urban greening?

A

rooftop green spaces
rivers/canals
Hampstead Heath
Olympic Village

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63
Q

What is urban greening?

A

increasing amount of green space in city

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64
Q

How much of London is open greenspace?

A

38% open greenspace

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65
Q

How many rooftop urban greenspaces are there in central London?

A

700 rooftop urban greenspaces

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66
Q

Give examples of urban greenspaces open to the public

A

Hampstead Heath
Burnham Beeches
Stoke Common
Queen’s Park

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67
Q

How far is Hampstead Heath from Trafalgar Square?

A

4 miles from Trafalgar Square

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68
Q

How many people are able to access Central London by Crossrail?

A

1.5 million people

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69
Q

What are the benefits of Crossrail?

A

reduced journey times
increased access
increased opportunities

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70
Q

How does Crossrail increase opportunities?

A

new travel opportunities
- jobs, tourism, recreation

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71
Q

How many people in London own a bike?

A

1 million people

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72
Q

How many people in London use a bike everyday?

A

700,000 people use bike everyday

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73
Q

How much has the cycle network in London increased by?

A

increased by 144%

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74
Q

What is social deprivation?

A

degree to which a person or community lacks essentials for a decent life

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75
Q

What are the essentials for a decent life that social deprivation lacks?

A

money
housing
services

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76
Q

How does social deprivation decrease life expectancy?

A

waiting lists for public healthcare
unhealthy diet

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77
Q

What is urban sprawl?

A

growth of urban area into surrounding countryside

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78
Q

What is a commuter settlement?

A

places where people live and travel elsewhere for work

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79
Q

What is a green belt?

A

open space around cities on which strict planning controls prevent urban development

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80
Q

What can be used to prevent urban sprawl?

A

green belt
building on brownfield sites

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81
Q

What are the social benefits of building on brownfield sites?

A

sites available
reduces urban sprawl
public transport better

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82
Q

What are the disadvantages to building on a brownfield site?

A

land is more expensive
needs decontaminating
old buildings need demolishing

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83
Q

What are the benefits of building on greenfield sites?

A

land is cheaper
no demolition
no decontamination

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84
Q

What are the disadvantages of building on greenfield sites?

A

public transport is worse
increases urban sprawl
natural habitats destroyed

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85
Q

Give examples of people who would be against building on greenbelt land

A

farmers
conservationists
locals
environmentalists

86
Q

Give examples of people who would be for building on greenbelt land

A

developers
builders

87
Q

How long were the Olympic games of 2012?

A

16 days long

88
Q

How many athletes were at the Olympic Games of 2012?

A

11,000 athletes

89
Q

How many events were there at Olympic Games of 2012?

A

300 events

90
Q

How many sports coaches and officials were there at the Olympic Games of 2012?

A

6000 sports coaches and officials

91
Q

How many other members of the Olympic community were there at the Olympic Games of 2012?

A

5000 people

92
Q

How many sponsors were there for the Olympic Games of 2012?

A

7000 sponsors

93
Q

How many journalists were there at the Olympic Games of 2012?

A

20,000 journalists

94
Q

How many tickets were sold at the Olympic Games of 2012?

A

9,000,000 tickets sold

95
Q

How many spectators were there per day at the Olympic Games of 2012?

A

5,000,000 spectators per day

96
Q

How many operational personnel were there at the Olympic Games of 2012?

A

6300 operational personnel

97
Q

Why was Regeneration needed?

A

economic change
social change

98
Q

What is the second poorest borough in London?

A

Newham

99
Q

What was the average annual salary in Newham?

A

£20,000

100
Q

What was Newham lacking that led to unemployment?

A

no training or education for youth

101
Q

What did the lack of training or education for youth mean for residents of Newham?

A

find well paid jobs
get out of poverty

102
Q

How did the Royal Docks create economic development in London in the 1850s?

A

engineering, chemical, food and textile industries

103
Q

How many jobs were lost in the Royal Docks between 1950 and 1975?

A

40,000 jobs lost

104
Q

How many people left the area when the Royal Docks closed in the 1980s?

A

10,000 people left

105
Q

How much private investment funded the Dockland Regeneration Scheme?

A

£10 billion

106
Q

What did the Dockland Rengeneration Scheme create?

A

Dockland Light Railway

107
Q

How many houses did the Dockland Regeneration Scheme create?

A

25,000 new homes

108
Q

Why did the Dockland Regeneration Scheme fail?

A

jobs did not go to locals

109
Q

How many jobs did the Dockland Regeneration Scheme create?

A

100,000 low paid jobs

110
Q

Give examples of jobs created by the Dockland Regeneration Scheme

A

cleaning
security guards

111
Q

Give an example of a factory in Newham that serves Central London

A

500 factories in Newham

112
Q

Which community in London is the youngest and most diverse?

A

Newham

113
Q

How many people in Newham are under 24?

A

41% under 24

114
Q

How many houses in Newham are overcrowded?

A

1 in 4 houses are overcrowded

115
Q

How does overcrowding show the social needs for Newham?

A

poverty
lacking qualifications
overpopulated area
benefits

116
Q

What was left behind when the Docks closed?

A

brownfield sites

117
Q

Why was environmental change needed in the Dockland area?

A

oil and chemical polluted
toxic waste
illegal rubbish dump
rubbish

118
Q

Why would environmental change have been beneficial for the Dockland area?

A

aesthetically pleasing
- attracts
- money
- multiplier
- development

119
Q

Why can’t smaller businesses afford to relocate in Newham?

A

land prices increased due to announcement of games due to attraction to area

120
Q

Give examples of jobs created by economic change in Newham

A

Stratford City Shopping Centre
Broadcasting Centre

121
Q

How many new jobs did the Broadcasting Centre create?

A

50,000 new jobs created

122
Q

Where is the worst health, housing and qualifications in London?

A

Newham

123
Q

What was the New Construction College?

A

training locals in trades such as plumbing, electrics

124
Q

Why was the New Construction College needed?

A

skills learnt at College can be taken elsewhere

125
Q

What was demolished for the East Village?

A

Students Halls of residence
travellers’ site
housing estate

126
Q

Why did the residents of the housing estate not like the demolition of their community?

A

affordable housing hard to find

127
Q

How much were those effected by the demolition for the East Village given in compensation?

A

£8,500 in compensation

128
Q

What is the East Village?

A

Olympic village for athletes

129
Q

Why did the Lea Valley Regional Park need environmental change?

A

much is polluted

130
Q

What was created at Three Mills for a permanent waterway to the Thames?

A

a new lock created

131
Q

How did environmental change benefit the locals?

A
  • attracts - multiplier
  • nicer environment
  • improved quality of life
  • sports facilities
132
Q

What changes did environmental development induce for those in Newham?

A

electric cables underground
old factory land re-landscaped

133
Q

How did the Olympic Committee attempt to reduce their Carbon footprint?

A

recycling materials
biodegradable packaging

134
Q

How were the wildlife dealt with during environmental change?

A

relocated during the process
- increased awareness

135
Q

How were locals and businesses involved in Environmental change?

A

asked to reduce/reuse/recycle at Excel centre

136
Q

How was the radiation in soil dealt with?

A

cleaned and brought back to be reused

137
Q

How much of the materials gained from demolition were re used?

A

90% of materials

138
Q

Where is the Olympic park located?

A

Lea Valley in East London

139
Q

What are the surrounding boroughs to the Olympic Park?

A

Hackney
Newham
Tower Hamlets
Greenwich
Waltham forest

140
Q

Why was the Lower Lea Valley in need of urban regeneration

A

derelict land
contamination
poor education/unskilled

141
Q

Why would a local resident be against a bid for urban regeneraion?

A

have to relocate
compensation not enough

142
Q

Why would the Mayor of London be for a bid for urban regeneration?

A

more people to area
- economic benefits

143
Q

Why would a local resident outside the site be for a bid for urban regeneration?

A

access to facilities
job opportunities
transport network
house increase in value

144
Q

Why would the Government be for a bid for urban regeneration?

A

money brought to UK by tourists

145
Q

Why would a business owner on the side be against a bid of urban regeneration?

A

relocating would be expensive
- compensation not enough

146
Q

What are the social benefits of the Olympic Park regeneration?

A

Chobam school created to cover all levels of education

147
Q

What are the economic benefits of the Olympic park regeneration?

A
  • £10 billion for UK economy
  • Tube station to Stratford (most connected part of London)
148
Q

What are the social benefits of the Olympic park regeneration?

A

stadiums made of 25% recycled materials

149
Q

What are the social disadvantages of the olympic park regeneration?

A

450 housing association flats torn down

150
Q

What did Anne Power (LSE) say about the ‘affordable rents’ for those in the Olympic park area?

A

the rent for the 2800 new homes would be unaffordable for Newham’s poorest households

151
Q

What are the economic disadvantages of the olympic park regeneration?

A

£8.77 billion for tax payer

152
Q

How much was the olympic park over budget for the tax payer?

A

£5 billion over budget

153
Q

What are the environmental disadvantages of the olympic park regeneration?

A

3.3 million tonnes of carbon dioxide emitted

154
Q

Why did the olympic park regeneration produce so much carbon emmisions?

A

materials came from overseas

155
Q

Give an example of a business that had to relocate for the olympic park regeneration

A

H Forman and Sons
- one of few that could relocate locally

156
Q

What happened to the Olympic venues following the games?

A

all the venues were sold

157
Q

How much was the media centre sold for?

A

£330 million
- data company called Infinity

158
Q

To what extent do you think the Olympic Site is fulfilling its promise to bring new wealth to the area?

A
  • businesses forced to relocate / could not afford to
  • olympic venues sold for profit
159
Q

Evaluate the effectiveness of an urban regeneration product you have studied

A

economic
- infrastructure / property prices
environmental
- recycled / emissions
social
- east village / remain in poverty

160
Q

How did the Olympic park regeneration project improve infrastructure?

A
  • 2 underground lines
  • high speed ‘javelin’ train to King’s Cross
  • Dockland’s Light Railway
  • connect to Eurostar
161
Q

How did the Olympic park regeneration project not benefit the local people?

A

rents and property prices increased
- locals could not afford

162
Q

How did the Olympic park regeneration project help housing in the local area?

A

East Village

163
Q

How did the Olympic park regeneration project not provide housing for locals in the area?

A

Anne Power (LSE)
‘not affordable for poorest in Newham’
- 2800 homes made

164
Q

How did the Olympic park regeneration project have a negative impact on the environment?

A

produced 3.3 million tonnes of carbon dioxide

165
Q

Why How did the Olympic park regeneration project benefit the environement?

A

95% materials gained from demolishing
- prevents pollution

166
Q

Why do HIC cities have slower rates of growth?

A

already urbanised
- population already in cities

167
Q

What are the features of sustainable urban living?

A

energy conservation
water conservation
waste recycling
creating green space
transport strategies

168
Q

What are the inputs of a city’s sustainability?

A

food
water
energy
building materials

169
Q

What are the outputs of a city’s sustainability?

A

waste
sewage
pollution

170
Q

What is an ecological footprint?

A

area of land or sea needed to produce all inputs a city uses and disposal of its outputs

171
Q

What is sustainable living?

A

allows people living now to have things they need without reducing ability of people in future to meet their needs

172
Q

What green spaces have been created in the East Village?

A

wetland area with ponds where water is recycled
green rooves

173
Q

How do green rooves make water more efficient?

A

slow rate of draining
- filtered and cleaned by ponds
- clean water pumped to village

174
Q

How do the ponds in the East Village clean the rainwater?

A

natural filtering by reed beds

175
Q

How much water does the East village use?

A

50% less than an urban area

176
Q

How much energy does the East Village use?

A

30% less than an urban area

177
Q

What energy system is used in the East Village to make it effecient?

A

combined heat and power system

178
Q

How does a combined heat and power system make energy more effecient?

A

generates electricity and heat from the same source
- burning biomass

179
Q

How does the East Village encourage recycling waste?

A

weekly pickups
recycle bins around Park
reduce reuse recycle

180
Q

How do water conservation schemes ensure sustainable urban living?

A

only as much water should be taken as can be replaced
- reduce amount used

181
Q

How do water conservation schemes use strategies for sustainable urban living?

A
  • collect rainwater
  • install less water flush toilets
  • install water meters
  • encourage less water use
182
Q

How does creating green space ensure sustainable urban living?

A

helps people remain there
- want to live and work there

183
Q

Give social advantages of green spaces for sustainable urban living

A
  • cooler areas
  • exercise
  • alternative transport
  • reduces stress
  • happier people
184
Q

Give environmental advantages of green spaces for sustainable urban living

A

reduces flooding
reduces air pollution

185
Q

How do energy conservation schemes aim to ensure sustainable urban living?

A

reducing use of fossil fuels

186
Q

Give strategies of energy conservation schemes reducing use of fossil fuels

A
  • promoting renewable sources
  • energy efficient
  • new homes built for minimum energy
  • encourage less energy use
187
Q

How does waste recycling ensure sustainable urban living?

A

more recycling
- less resources used
- less waste produced

188
Q

Give examples of waste recycling strategies to ensure sustainable urban living

A
  • collecting household recycling boxes
  • recycling facilities for larger items
  • websites
189
Q

Give examples of websites that encourage waste recycling

A

Freecycle
Freegle
- items offered for free to others

190
Q

What are the environmental problems of traffic congestion?

A

air pollution
- greenhouse gases
- climate change

191
Q

What are the economic problems of traffic congestion?

A

delays
- money lost

192
Q

What are the social problems of traffic congestion?

A

accidents
frustration
- health issues
delay emergency vehicles

193
Q

What does the Docklands Light Railway connect?

A

east London with city centre

194
Q

How many people use the Docklands Light Railway annually?

A

110 million people

195
Q

How can traffic congestion be reduced?

A

public transport

196
Q

Give examples of public transport in London

A

Docklands Light Railway
Underground
Self service bicycles
Oyster cards

197
Q

How many people use the Underground daily?

A

3 million passengers daily

198
Q

What is the aim of Crossrail?

A

increase rail capacity by 10% in central London

199
Q

What are the benefits of self service bicycles?

A

hire for as little as 30mins
cheaper than other modes

200
Q

What has been developed in London to increase road safety?

A

bike lanes
bike signals

201
Q

What do Oyster cards allow people access to?

A

buses
trains
Underground
some boats

202
Q

What are the benefits of Oyster cards?

A

easy and quick to use
topped up automatically

203
Q

How can traffic congestion by managed?

A

managing traffic flow

204
Q

Give examples of managing traffic flow

A
  • ring roads
  • bus lanes
  • parking restrictions
  • congestion charges
  • car sharing
  • promoting flexible working hours
205
Q

How can traffic congestion be reduced by ring roads?

A

keeps traffic from city centre
- less pollution / safe
- keeps cars away from narrow city centre roads

206
Q

How can traffic congestion be reduced by bus priority lanes?

A

makes buses more appealing
- stops buses being held up

207
Q

How can traffic congestion be reduced by parking restrictions?

A

don’t block traffic flow

208
Q

What are roads in urban areas that limit stopping or parking?

A

urban clearways

209
Q

How can traffic congestion be reduced by congestion charging?

A

discourages drivers at peak times
- £15 a day

210
Q

How can traffic congestion be reduced by car sharing?

A

carpool lanes
- only 2 or more occupants can go

211
Q

How can traffic congestion be reduced by promoting flexible working hours?

A

spreads traffic
- avoiding rush hour congestion

AQA Geography (9 decks)

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