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AQA Geography > Urban issues and challenges (Lagos) > Flashcards

Urban issues and challenges (Lagos) Flashcards

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1
Q

Define urbanisation

A

proportion of people living in urban areas

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2
Q

What is the urban population trend in HICs?

A

already done urbanisation
so rate is low

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3
Q

What is the urban population trend in LICs?

A

low urban population
high rate of urbanisation

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4
Q

What is the urban population trend in NEEs?

A

50% urban population
rate of urbanisation is dependent

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5
Q

What is an HIC?

A

high income country

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6
Q

What is an LIC?

A

low income country

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7
Q

What is an NEE?

A

new emerging economy

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8
Q

Give examples of HICs

A

Japan
UK

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9
Q

Give examples of LICs

A

Ethiopia
Afghanistan

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10
Q

Give examples of NEEs

A

Brazil
Nigeria

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11
Q

What is rural-urban migration?

A

movement of population from rural to urban areas

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12
Q

What is special about urbanisation in HICs?

A

population chose to do urban-rural migration
(move out of cities)

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13
Q

Give examples of pull factors

A

jobs - higher paid
infrastructure - healthcare, education
improved quality of life

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14
Q

Give examples of push factors

A

natural disasters
conflict/oppression
mechanisation - unemployment

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15
Q

How do push factors lead to urbanisation?

A

encourage people to leave the area

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16
Q

How do pull factors lead to urbanisation?

A

encourage people to move to the area

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17
Q

What is natural increase?

A

birth rate exceeds death rate

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18
Q

Why does natural increase occur in urban areas?

A

migrants are young
healthcare

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19
Q

What is a megacity?

A

city with 10 million people +

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20
Q

Where is Lagos located?

A

South West coast of NIGERIA

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21
Q

What does Lagos border?

A

Gulf of Guinea

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22
Q

What is Lagos’ importance regionally?

A

Eko Atlantic
infrastructure
airport

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23
Q

What is Lagos’ importance nationally?

A

industry
port
finance
Nollywood

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24
Q

What is Lagos’ importance internationally?

A

economy
airport
port

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25
Q

How many flights to Lagos airport provide arrival point to West Africa?

A

80%

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26
Q

How much of Lagos’ exports go through Apapa port?

A

70% of exports

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27
Q

What is the name of the port in Lagos?

A

Apapa port

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28
Q

How much of Lagos’ imports go through Apapa port?

A

80% of imports

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29
Q

How much of Nigeria’s industrial and commercial activity does Lagos do?

A

60% of industrial and commercial activity

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30
Q

What is the name of the Nigerian film industry based in Lagos?

A

Nollywood

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31
Q

What centre is located in Lagos?

A

finance centre

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32
Q

How much of Nigeria’s industry is in Lagos?

A

80%

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33
Q

How much of Nigeria’s GDP is made by Lagos?

A

25%

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34
Q

How many people migrate to Lagos daily?

A

3000

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35
Q

Apapa port is the 5th…

A

….busiest port in West Africa

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36
Q

Lagos has the largest _____ market in West Africa.

A

ICT market

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37
Q

What is the promising new development being built in Lagos?

A

Eko Atlantic

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38
Q

How does the Lagos International Trade Fair show Lagos’ international importance?

A

major interactional business forum with representatives from across Africa

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39
Q

In 2010, if Lagos had been a country it would have been the…

A

11th largest economy

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40
Q

How much area and population of Nigeria does Lagos make up?

A

area ; 0.4
population ; 10%

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41
Q

What are the social opportunities in Lagos?

A

healthcare
energy
education
transport

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42
Q

How is healthcare a social opportunity?

A

increases life expectancy

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43
Q

What does Nigerians view cities as?

A

access to basic healthcare

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44
Q

How is access to healthcare a push factor to Lagos?

A

elderly and children die of curable diseases in rural areas

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45
Q

Why do elderly and children die in rural areas?

A

poor
overcrowding

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46
Q

Name a hospital in Lagos

A

Genesis acute care Hospital

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47
Q

What is the negative to healthcare in Lagos?

A

not free healthcare

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48
Q

How is education a social opportunity in Lagos?

A

most schools and universities in Lagos

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49
Q

What do Nigerians see education as?

A

passport out of poverty

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50
Q

What is the negative of education in Lagos?

A

only free for young children in the poorest areas

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51
Q

How many universities does Lagos have?

A

10 universities

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52
Q

How is transport a social opportunity in Lagos?

A

integrated transport system

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53
Q

What is the Rail Line in Lagos called?

A

Lagos Blue Rail Line

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54
Q

How many passengers does the LBRL take daily?

A

250,000

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55
Q

What is the route of the LBRT?

A

Lagos mainland to Marina on Lagos Island

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56
Q

What does the integrated transport system of Lagos prevent?

A

congestion

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57
Q

How is water supply a social opportunity in Lagos?

A

rural areas walk miles to access water

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58
Q

What is the disadvantage of the water supply in Lagos?

A

unreliable source from vendors

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59
Q

What are the economic opportunities in Lagos?

A

informal sector
industrial areas
Lekki free trade Zone
secondary/tertiary industry

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60
Q

How does the secondary/tertiary industry benefit the government?

A

allows trade and export
allows tax

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61
Q

How does the secondary/tertiary industry benefit the local area?

A

disposable income - multiplier effect
tax improves infrastructure
afford education for children

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62
Q

Where in Nigeria are there jobs that only exist there?

A

Lagos

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63
Q

Give examples of jobs in the tertiary and secondary industry in Lagos

A

lawyers
computing
finance
business

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64
Q

Give examples of informal economy in Lagos

A

street vendors
recycling

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65
Q

What are the advantages of working in the informal sector?

A

income
no minimum wage
not taxed

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66
Q

What are the disadvantages of working in the informal sector?

A

dangerous conditions
no rights - holidays, insurance, time off
Gov cannot tax

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67
Q

Why is tax important in NEEs and LICs?

A

improve infrastructure

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68
Q

What happens as a result of the informal economy not having tax?

A

cannot break out of informal economy

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69
Q

Give an example of the informal economy in Lagos

A

Olusosun rubbish dump

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70
Q

What is the Olusosun rubbish dump an example of in Lagos?

A

informal economy

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71
Q

How many people work in the Olusosun rubbish dump?

A

500 workers

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72
Q

What do some workers do on the Olusosun rubbish dump?

A

live on site

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73
Q

What are some features of the Olusosun rubbish dump?

A

mosque
shops
bars
restaurants

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74
Q

How many tonnes of rubbish is collected daily at the Olusosun rubbish dump?

A

3000 tonnes daily

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75
Q

What are the advantages of the Olusosun rubbish dump?

A
  • Lagosians save money on 2nd hand goods
  • less waste
  • rubbish can be turned into energy
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76
Q

Which organisation plans to turn methane gas on the Olusosun into energy?

A

Lagos State Waste Management Authority

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77
Q

How much energy could be produced from methane gas on Olusosun?

A

25MW

78
Q

Give an example of an industrial area in Lagos

A

Aje oil fields

79
Q

Where are the Aje oil fields?

A

off coast of Lagos

80
Q

How many jobs created by the Lekki Free trade Zone?

A

100,000

81
Q

What is the industrial area called in Lagos state?

A

Lekki Free Trade Zone

82
Q

What sectors will 100,000 be created in by the LFTZ?

A

unskilled
semi-skilled
skilled

83
Q

What will the 100,000 workers in the LFTZ have?

A

disposable income

84
Q

What does a disposable income cause?

A

multiplier effect

85
Q

What type of companies are encouraged to base head offices in Lagos by the LFTZ?

A

TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS

86
Q

Why did the Makoko demolition happen?

A

political embarrassment

87
Q

When did the Makoko demolition happen?

A

began 16 July 2016

88
Q

When was the 72 hour quit notice of Makoko issued?

A

12 July 2016

89
Q

How long was the quit notice of Makoko before the demolition?

A

72 hours

90
Q

Who issued the 72 hour quit notice?

A

State Ministry of Waterfront Infrastructure Development

91
Q

How many residents were left homeless by the Makoko demolition?

A

300,000 residents

92
Q

How many residents were killed in the Makoko demolition?

A

1 resident

93
Q

What are the economic challenges in Lagos?

A

traffic congestion
unemployment

94
Q

What is the primary reason there are economic challenges in Lagos?

A

rapid population growth

95
Q

How does traffic congestion affect the workplace in Lagos?

A

loss in work hours
late deliveries
unproductivity
TNCs dettered

96
Q

How much money will be lost by 2030 as a result of traffic congestion in Lagos?

A

$21 billion

97
Q

How does traffic congestion affect the government?

A

traffic accidents
pollution
poor infrastructure

98
Q

What does unemployment lead to in Lagos?

A

crime

99
Q

What is there nothing of in Lagos in terms on unemployment?

A

no unemployment benefit

100
Q

How much of the workforce does the informal economy make up?

A

40%

101
Q

Give examples of urban planning in Lagos

A

rent to own
floating school
Eko Atlantic

102
Q

What is the rent to own scheme in Lagos?

A

affordable housing policy

103
Q

Who benefits from the rent to own scheme in Lagos?

A

urban poor who want home ownership

104
Q

What are the advantages of the rent to own scheme?

A

disposable income
secure

105
Q

What can disposable income be spent on?

A

education
healthcare
food

106
Q

How much of income does the average Lagosian spend on rent?

A

50%

107
Q

What are the disadvantages of the rent to own scheme in Lagos?

A

long process
expensive

108
Q

Why is the rent to own scheme a long process?

A

no immediate benefits

109
Q

How many housing units have been made in the rent to own scheme?

A

5008

110
Q

How many housing units need to be made in the rent to own scheme?

A

200,000 is goal

111
Q

Where is the floating school?

A

Makoko

112
Q

How is the floating school environmentally sustainable?

A

-local materials
-natural ventilation
-PV cells
-rainwater collected
-green space

113
Q

How will the floating school with stand rising sea levels?

A

floatation platform
raised classroom

114
Q

What are the disadvantages of the floating school?

A

susceptible to weather

115
Q

When was the floating school destroyed?

A

June 2016

116
Q

What destroyed the floating school?

A

rain storm

117
Q

What are the advantages of the floating school for the people of Makoko?

A

-locals trained whilst building
-sustainable for future
-ownership
-meeting point

118
Q

What are the advantages of the floating school for the government?

A

sustainable
improves education

119
Q

What is the Eko Atlantic project?

A

plan to create a 24hour city

120
Q

How many residents will Eko Atlantic have?

A

250,000

121
Q

How many workers will Eko Atlantic have?

A

inhabitants + 150,000

122
Q

How much land will be reclaimed for the Eko Atlantic project?

A

10 square km

123
Q

What are advantages of Eko Atlantic?

A
  • investment
  • jobs
  • publicity
  • space
124
Q

What are the environmental disadvantages of Eko Atlantic?

A
  • water pollution
  • marine life disrupted
  • sand to reclaim not naturally replenished so will cause coastal erosion
125
Q

What are the social disadvantages of Eko Atlantic?

A
  • communities not consulted
  • not all jobs permanent
  • not for poor of Lagos
  • pressure on local services
126
Q

What has caused unemployment in Lagos?

A

rapid urbanisation

127
Q

Why is unemployment a social challenge in Lagos?

A

there is no unemployment benefit
leads to crime

128
Q

How many people are unemployed in Lagos?

A

less than 10%

129
Q

Give examples of crime in Lagos

A
  • scams/cyber frauds
  • drugs, vandalism, theft
  • kidnapping foreigners
130
Q

Why is crime a social challenge?

A

caused by unemployment which is a result of urbanisation and lack of jobs

131
Q

What contagious diseases spread in Lagos?

A

malaria
typhoid
dysentry

132
Q

Why is healthcare in Lagos a social challenge?

A
  • not free
  • vaccinations or children not free
  • investment cannot keep up with population growth
133
Q

What are industries encouraged to do with universities?

A

make relevant courses
and create employment opportunities

134
Q

Why is education in Lagos a social challenge?

A
  • secondary schools are limited and private
  • not enough universities
135
Q

Where is free education provided for by the Government?

A

all young children in poorest areas

136
Q

Where in Lagos is there no access to energy?

A

squatter settlements

137
Q

What is the risk of using open drains and sewers?

A

Lagos Lagoon is polluted with raw sewage

138
Q

What is the risk of using pit latrines?

A

polluted ground water

139
Q

What does Lagosians use instead of toilets?

A
  • pit latrines
  • open drains + sewers
140
Q

Why is sanitation a social challenge in Lagos?

A

squatter settlements

141
Q

What is sanitation?

A

protection of public health through clean water and disposal of sewage

142
Q

Why is water in Lagos polluted?

A

often laid with sewage pipes

143
Q

Why is Lagos at risk of water pollution?

A
  1. low lying
  2. flat land
  3. coastal
144
Q

How big of a demand gap of water is there in Lagos?

A

330 millions gallons daily that is not supplied but demanded

145
Q

How many Lagosians get water from a public vendor?

A

16%

146
Q

How many Lagosians get water from a river?

A

4%

147
Q

How many Lagosians get water from a well or borehole?

A

55%

148
Q

How many Lagosians get water from a public tap?

A

14%

149
Q

Why is water in Lagos such a big social challenge?

A

rapid urbanisation

150
Q

How many Lagosians have access to clean, piped and purified water?

A

only 11%

151
Q

What is a squatter settlement?

A

illegal settlement built on edge of city on undesirable land with scrap materials

152
Q

Give an example of a squatter settlement in Lagos

A

Makoko

153
Q

How is Makoko governed?

A

by local chiefs

154
Q

Where is Makoko?

A

East Lagos
3rd mainland bridge and coast of mainland

155
Q

How many people live in Makoko?

A

estimated to be around 85,000

156
Q

How many houses in Makoko are built on stilts?

A

1/3

157
Q

What are the opportunities in Makoko?

A

tourism
informal economy
floating school

158
Q

What are the challenges in Makoko?

A

sanitation
unemployment

159
Q

How many people share 1 toilet in Makoko?

A

15

160
Q

How often do the people of Makoko get piped water supply?

A

2 hours a day

161
Q

How many people of Makoko are unemployed?

A

19%

162
Q

What sector is prevalent in Makoko?

A

informal economy

163
Q

How many of Lagos’ population live in slums?

A

65%

164
Q

How many people in Lagos live in poverty?

A

1.7 million

165
Q

What is the difference between poverty and urban poor?

A

poverty - worst
urban poor - not as bad as poverty

166
Q

What causes environmental challenges?

A

squatter settlements
unregulated industry
pop. growth

167
Q

How do squatter settlements cause environmental challenges?

A
  • lack infrastructure
  • water pollution
168
Q

How does unregulated industry cause environmental challenges?

A
  • water and air pollution
169
Q

How does population growth cause environmental challenges?

A
  • cannot improve infrastructure
  • air pollution
170
Q

How is waste disposal an environmental challenge?

A

no system of collection so hazard to human health

171
Q

How much waste does Lagos produce a day?

A

13 million kilograms

172
Q

Why is waste disposal an environmental challenge?

A

using 70s infrastructure when population was 1/5 of todays

173
Q

What causes air pollution?

A

traffic congestion

174
Q

What gas is there dangerous levels of in Lagos?

A

nitrous oxide

175
Q

What is caused by air pollution?

A

particulate matter
- respiratory illnesses

176
Q

Why is there water pollution in Lagos?

A

uncontrolled disposal of waste

177
Q

What are the local of fleet of minibuses in Lagos called?

A

danfo

178
Q

How many cars are registered in Lagos?

A

40% of cars

179
Q

How much area does Lagos make up?

A

1% of area

180
Q

How much on average does a Lagosian spend in traffic?

A

3 hours

181
Q

How does traffic congestion lead to economic issues?

A

loss in man hours worked
delayed deliveries
fuel consumption

182
Q

How much air pollution is there in Lagos?

A

5x recommended international limit

183
Q

How many Lagosians are in accidents?

A

28 per 1000

184
Q

How many more Lagosians are in car accidents than Europeans?

A

three times the amount

185
Q

Which organisation is in charge of managing traffic congestion in Lagos?

A

Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority

186
Q

What did the LMATA create?

A
  • Bus Rapid Transit
  • Lagos Rail Mass Transit
187
Q

How many passengers does the LRMT take daily?

A

250,000

188
Q

What is the route of the LMRT?

A

27 km from Marina to Okokomaiko

189
Q

How many passengers does the BRT take daily?

A

220,000

190
Q

How many jobs did the BRT create?

A

2000

191
Q

How much did air pollution reduce by as a result of the BRT?

A

13%

192
Q

What are the problems with the BRT?

A
  • only covers part of city
  • traders and pedestrians use bus lanes instead

AQA Geography (9 decks)

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