Urban issues and challenges (Lagos) Flashcards
Define urbanisation
proportion of people living in urban areas
What is the urban population trend in HICs?
already done urbanisation
so rate is low
What is the urban population trend in LICs?
low urban population
high rate of urbanisation
What is the urban population trend in NEEs?
50% urban population
rate of urbanisation is dependent
What is an HIC?
high income country
What is an LIC?
low income country
What is an NEE?
new emerging economy
Give examples of HICs
Japan
UK
Give examples of LICs
Ethiopia
Afghanistan
Give examples of NEEs
Brazil
Nigeria
What is rural-urban migration?
movement of population from rural to urban areas
What is special about urbanisation in HICs?
population chose to do urban-rural migration
(move out of cities)
Give examples of pull factors
jobs - higher paid
infrastructure - healthcare, education
improved quality of life
Give examples of push factors
natural disasters
conflict/oppression
mechanisation - unemployment
How do push factors lead to urbanisation?
encourage people to leave the area
How do pull factors lead to urbanisation?
encourage people to move to the area
What is natural increase?
birth rate exceeds death rate
Why does natural increase occur in urban areas?
migrants are young
healthcare
What is a megacity?
city with 10 million people +
Where is Lagos located?
South West coast of NIGERIA
What does Lagos border?
Gulf of Guinea
What is Lagos’ importance regionally?
Eko Atlantic
infrastructure
airport
What is Lagos’ importance nationally?
industry
port
finance
Nollywood
What is Lagos’ importance internationally?
economy
airport
port
How many flights to Lagos airport provide arrival point to West Africa?
80%
How much of Lagos’ exports go through Apapa port?
70% of exports
What is the name of the port in Lagos?
Apapa port
How much of Lagos’ imports go through Apapa port?
80% of imports
How much of Nigeria’s industrial and commercial activity does Lagos do?
60% of industrial and commercial activity
What is the name of the Nigerian film industry based in Lagos?
Nollywood
What centre is located in Lagos?
finance centre
How much of Nigeria’s industry is in Lagos?
80%
How much of Nigeria’s GDP is made by Lagos?
25%
How many people migrate to Lagos daily?
3000
Apapa port is the 5th…
….busiest port in West Africa
Lagos has the largest _____ market in West Africa.
ICT market
What is the promising new development being built in Lagos?
Eko Atlantic
How does the Lagos International Trade Fair show Lagos’ international importance?
major interactional business forum with representatives from across Africa
In 2010, if Lagos had been a country it would have been the…
11th largest economy
How much area and population of Nigeria does Lagos make up?
area ; 0.4
population ; 10%
What are the social opportunities in Lagos?
healthcare
energy
education
transport
How is healthcare a social opportunity?
increases life expectancy
What does Nigerians view cities as?
access to basic healthcare
How is access to healthcare a push factor to Lagos?
elderly and children die of curable diseases in rural areas
Why do elderly and children die in rural areas?
poor
overcrowding
Name a hospital in Lagos
Genesis acute care Hospital
What is the negative to healthcare in Lagos?
not free healthcare
How is education a social opportunity in Lagos?
most schools and universities in Lagos
What do Nigerians see education as?
passport out of poverty
What is the negative of education in Lagos?
only free for young children in the poorest areas
How many universities does Lagos have?
10 universities
How is transport a social opportunity in Lagos?
integrated transport system
What is the Rail Line in Lagos called?
Lagos Blue Rail Line
How many passengers does the LBRL take daily?
250,000
What is the route of the LBRT?
Lagos mainland to Marina on Lagos Island
What does the integrated transport system of Lagos prevent?
congestion
How is water supply a social opportunity in Lagos?
rural areas walk miles to access water
What is the disadvantage of the water supply in Lagos?
unreliable source from vendors
What are the economic opportunities in Lagos?
informal sector
industrial areas
Lekki free trade Zone
secondary/tertiary industry
How does the secondary/tertiary industry benefit the government?
allows trade and export
allows tax
How does the secondary/tertiary industry benefit the local area?
disposable income - multiplier effect
tax improves infrastructure
afford education for children
Where in Nigeria are there jobs that only exist there?
Lagos
Give examples of jobs in the tertiary and secondary industry in Lagos
lawyers
computing
finance
business
Give examples of informal economy in Lagos
street vendors
recycling
What are the advantages of working in the informal sector?
income
no minimum wage
not taxed
What are the disadvantages of working in the informal sector?
dangerous conditions
no rights - holidays, insurance, time off
Gov cannot tax
Why is tax important in NEEs and LICs?
improve infrastructure
What happens as a result of the informal economy not having tax?
cannot break out of informal economy
Give an example of the informal economy in Lagos
Olusosun rubbish dump
What is the Olusosun rubbish dump an example of in Lagos?
informal economy
How many people work in the Olusosun rubbish dump?
500 workers
What do some workers do on the Olusosun rubbish dump?
live on site
What are some features of the Olusosun rubbish dump?
mosque
shops
bars
restaurants
How many tonnes of rubbish is collected daily at the Olusosun rubbish dump?
3000 tonnes daily
What are the advantages of the Olusosun rubbish dump?
- Lagosians save money on 2nd hand goods
- less waste
- rubbish can be turned into energy
Which organisation plans to turn methane gas on the Olusosun into energy?
Lagos State Waste Management Authority
How much energy could be produced from methane gas on Olusosun?
25MW
Give an example of an industrial area in Lagos
Aje oil fields
Where are the Aje oil fields?
off coast of Lagos
How many jobs created by the Lekki Free trade Zone?
100,000
What is the industrial area called in Lagos state?
Lekki Free Trade Zone
What sectors will 100,000 be created in by the LFTZ?
unskilled
semi-skilled
skilled
What will the 100,000 workers in the LFTZ have?
disposable income
What does a disposable income cause?
multiplier effect
What type of companies are encouraged to base head offices in Lagos by the LFTZ?
TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS
Why did the Makoko demolition happen?
political embarrassment
When did the Makoko demolition happen?
began 16 July 2016
When was the 72 hour quit notice of Makoko issued?
12 July 2016
How long was the quit notice of Makoko before the demolition?
72 hours
Who issued the 72 hour quit notice?
State Ministry of Waterfront Infrastructure Development
How many residents were left homeless by the Makoko demolition?
300,000 residents
How many residents were killed in the Makoko demolition?
1 resident
What are the economic challenges in Lagos?
traffic congestion
unemployment
What is the primary reason there are economic challenges in Lagos?
rapid population growth
How does traffic congestion affect the workplace in Lagos?
loss in work hours
late deliveries
unproductivity
TNCs dettered
How much money will be lost by 2030 as a result of traffic congestion in Lagos?
$21 billion
How does traffic congestion affect the government?
traffic accidents
pollution
poor infrastructure
What does unemployment lead to in Lagos?
crime
What is there nothing of in Lagos in terms on unemployment?
no unemployment benefit
How much of the workforce does the informal economy make up?
40%
Give examples of urban planning in Lagos
rent to own
floating school
Eko Atlantic
What is the rent to own scheme in Lagos?
affordable housing policy
Who benefits from the rent to own scheme in Lagos?
urban poor who want home ownership
What are the advantages of the rent to own scheme?
disposable income
secure
What can disposable income be spent on?
education
healthcare
food
How much of income does the average Lagosian spend on rent?
50%
What are the disadvantages of the rent to own scheme in Lagos?
long process
expensive
Why is the rent to own scheme a long process?
no immediate benefits
How many housing units have been made in the rent to own scheme?
5008
How many housing units need to be made in the rent to own scheme?
200,000 is goal
Where is the floating school?
Makoko
How is the floating school environmentally sustainable?
-local materials
-natural ventilation
-PV cells
-rainwater collected
-green space
How will the floating school with stand rising sea levels?
floatation platform
raised classroom
What are the disadvantages of the floating school?
susceptible to weather
When was the floating school destroyed?
June 2016
What destroyed the floating school?
rain storm
What are the advantages of the floating school for the people of Makoko?
-locals trained whilst building
-sustainable for future
-ownership
-meeting point
What are the advantages of the floating school for the government?
sustainable
improves education
What is the Eko Atlantic project?
plan to create a 24hour city
How many residents will Eko Atlantic have?
250,000
How many workers will Eko Atlantic have?
inhabitants + 150,000
How much land will be reclaimed for the Eko Atlantic project?
10 square km
What are advantages of Eko Atlantic?
- investment
- jobs
- publicity
- space
What are the environmental disadvantages of Eko Atlantic?
- water pollution
- marine life disrupted
- sand to reclaim not naturally replenished so will cause coastal erosion
What are the social disadvantages of Eko Atlantic?
- communities not consulted
- not all jobs permanent
- not for poor of Lagos
- pressure on local services
What has caused unemployment in Lagos?
rapid urbanisation
Why is unemployment a social challenge in Lagos?
there is no unemployment benefit
leads to crime
How many people are unemployed in Lagos?
less than 10%
Give examples of crime in Lagos
- scams/cyber frauds
- drugs, vandalism, theft
- kidnapping foreigners
Why is crime a social challenge?
caused by unemployment which is a result of urbanisation and lack of jobs
What contagious diseases spread in Lagos?
malaria
typhoid
dysentry
Why is healthcare in Lagos a social challenge?
- not free
- vaccinations or children not free
- investment cannot keep up with population growth
What are industries encouraged to do with universities?
make relevant courses
and create employment opportunities
Why is education in Lagos a social challenge?
- secondary schools are limited and private
- not enough universities
Where is free education provided for by the Government?
all young children in poorest areas
Where in Lagos is there no access to energy?
squatter settlements
What is the risk of using open drains and sewers?
Lagos Lagoon is polluted with raw sewage
What is the risk of using pit latrines?
polluted ground water
What does Lagosians use instead of toilets?
- pit latrines
- open drains + sewers
Why is sanitation a social challenge in Lagos?
squatter settlements
What is sanitation?
protection of public health through clean water and disposal of sewage
Why is water in Lagos polluted?
often laid with sewage pipes
Why is Lagos at risk of water pollution?
- low lying
- flat land
- coastal
How big of a demand gap of water is there in Lagos?
330 millions gallons daily that is not supplied but demanded
How many Lagosians get water from a public vendor?
16%
How many Lagosians get water from a river?
4%
How many Lagosians get water from a well or borehole?
55%
How many Lagosians get water from a public tap?
14%
Why is water in Lagos such a big social challenge?
rapid urbanisation
How many Lagosians have access to clean, piped and purified water?
only 11%
What is a squatter settlement?
illegal settlement built on edge of city on undesirable land with scrap materials
Give an example of a squatter settlement in Lagos
Makoko
How is Makoko governed?
by local chiefs
Where is Makoko?
East Lagos
3rd mainland bridge and coast of mainland
How many people live in Makoko?
estimated to be around 85,000
How many houses in Makoko are built on stilts?
1/3
What are the opportunities in Makoko?
tourism
informal economy
floating school
What are the challenges in Makoko?
sanitation
unemployment
How many people share 1 toilet in Makoko?
15
How often do the people of Makoko get piped water supply?
2 hours a day
How many people of Makoko are unemployed?
19%
What sector is prevalent in Makoko?
informal economy
How many of Lagos’ population live in slums?
65%
How many people in Lagos live in poverty?
1.7 million
What is the difference between poverty and urban poor?
poverty - worst
urban poor - not as bad as poverty
What causes environmental challenges?
squatter settlements
unregulated industry
pop. growth
How do squatter settlements cause environmental challenges?
- lack infrastructure
- water pollution
How does unregulated industry cause environmental challenges?
- water and air pollution
How does population growth cause environmental challenges?
- cannot improve infrastructure
- air pollution
How is waste disposal an environmental challenge?
no system of collection so hazard to human health
How much waste does Lagos produce a day?
13 million kilograms
Why is waste disposal an environmental challenge?
using 70s infrastructure when population was 1/5 of todays
What causes air pollution?
traffic congestion
What gas is there dangerous levels of in Lagos?
nitrous oxide
What is caused by air pollution?
particulate matter
- respiratory illnesses
Why is there water pollution in Lagos?
uncontrolled disposal of waste
What are the local of fleet of minibuses in Lagos called?
danfo
How many cars are registered in Lagos?
40% of cars
How much area does Lagos make up?
1% of area
How much on average does a Lagosian spend in traffic?
3 hours
How does traffic congestion lead to economic issues?
loss in man hours worked
delayed deliveries
fuel consumption
How much air pollution is there in Lagos?
5x recommended international limit
How many Lagosians are in accidents?
28 per 1000
How many more Lagosians are in car accidents than Europeans?
three times the amount
Which organisation is in charge of managing traffic congestion in Lagos?
Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority
What did the LMATA create?
- Bus Rapid Transit
- Lagos Rail Mass Transit
How many passengers does the LRMT take daily?
250,000
What is the route of the LMRT?
27 km from Marina to Okokomaiko
How many passengers does the BRT take daily?
220,000
How many jobs did the BRT create?
2000
How much did air pollution reduce by as a result of the BRT?
13%
What are the problems with the BRT?
- only covers part of city
- traders and pedestrians use bus lanes instead
