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Living World (Tropical Rainforests) Flashcards

1
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

community of plants and animals interacting in a physical environment

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2
Q

What is a biome?

A

large ecosystem found on regional scale

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3
Q

What is a biome characterized by?

A

flora
fauna
climate

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4
Q

What is nutrient cycling?

A

organisms extracting minerals for growth from soil and water before passing on to food chain

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5
Q

What are biotic factors?

A

living parts of ecosystem

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6
Q

What are abiotic factors?

A

non living parts of ecosystem

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7
Q

What is a microhabitat?

A

small scale habitat

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8
Q

Give an example of a microhabitat

A

tree

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9
Q

What is a biosphere?

A

all living organisms in world and their physical environment

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10
Q

What is a producer?

A

organism that uses sunlight energy to produce food

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11
Q

What is a consumer?

A

organism that gets energy from eating other organisms

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12
Q

What is a decomposer?

A

organism that gets energy from breaking down dead material

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13
Q

What is a herbivore?

A

eats plants

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14
Q

What is a meat eater?

A

carnivore

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15
Q

Give examples of produces on Reigate Heath

A

heather
gorse

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16
Q

What is heather?

A

dominant plant thrives from acidic, nutrient poor soils
acts as shelter for insects and birds

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17
Q

What is gorse?

A

shrub that offers shelter and food for insects and birds

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18
Q

Give examples of primary consumers on Reigate Heath

A

rabbits
Silver-studded blue butterfly

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19
Q

Give examples of secondary consumers on Reigate Heath

A

Dartford warbler
weasel

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20
Q

Give examples of tertiary consumers on Reigate Heath

A

kestrel

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21
Q

Give examples of decomposers on Reigate Heath

A

fungi
bacteria
detritivores

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22
Q

What are fungi?

A

species that decompose leaf litter and dead wood, releasing nutrients back into soil

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23
Q

What are bacteria?

A

decompose organic matter, facilitating nutrient cycling

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24
Q

What are detritivores?

A

insects such as beetles and worms, feed on decomposing organic matter

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25
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

conversion of sunlight into energy, producing biomass

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26
Q

What is herbivory?

A

consuming plant matter

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27
Q

What is decomposition?

A

dead matter broken down by decomposers

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28
Q

What is soil enrichment?

A

decomposed organic matter enriches soil, promoting plant growth

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29
Q

How are interrelationships highlighted on Reigate Heath?

A

gorse offers nesting sites for Dartford warbler
decomposers ensures soil enrichment occurs for plant growth

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30
Q

List 4 humans activities on Reigate Heath and the effect this could have on the ecosystem

A

golfing - litter / artificial / noise
parking - fumes / noise
roads - roadkill
pub - litter / noise

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31
Q

What are the two main sources of nutrients in an ecosystem?

A

rainwater washing chemicals out of atmosphere
weathered rock releases nutrients

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32
Q

What is biomass?

A

living animals and plants

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33
Q

How are nutrients spread on Reigate Heath?

A

relatively equal

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34
Q

How do nutrients transfer from biomass to leaf litter?

A

fallout as tissue dies

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35
Q

What is leaf litter?

A

dead matter on floor

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36
Q

How do nutrients transfer from leaf litter to soil?

A

decomposes

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37
Q

How do nutrients transfer from soil to biomass?

A

uptake from plants

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38
Q

Where are coniferous forests located?

A

60 degrees North

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39
Q

Where are deciduous forests located?

A

50 degrees North

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40
Q

Where are deserts located?

A

30 degrees North and South

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41
Q

Where is the Mediterranean located?

A

40-45 degrees North
isolated pockets - West Australia and South Africa

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42
Q

Where is tundra located?

A

Arctic
Antarctica
high latitudes
Canada
Siberia

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43
Q

How much of the earth’s surface is covered by tropical rainforests?

A

2% of earth’s surface

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44
Q

How much of the earth’s plant and animal population live in tropical rainforests?

A

1/2 of population

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45
Q

Where are tropical rainforests found?

A

broad belt close to Equator

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46
Q

Which regions have tropical rainforests?

A

South America
West Africa
Southeast Asia
Australia

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47
Q

What type of climate do tropical rainforests have?

A

equatorial climate

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48
Q

What are temperatures like in tropical rainforests?

A

27 degrees Celsius all year

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49
Q

How much rainfall do tropical rainforests receive?

A

2000mm - high rainfall

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50
Q

What effect does the climate of tropical rainforests have on them?

A

ideal growing conditions
lush vegetation growth

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51
Q

What do tropical rainforests have the highest level of?

A

highest level of biodiversity

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52
Q

How many undiscovered species are there in tropical rainforests?

A

1000s of species undiscovered

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53
Q

Where do birds live in tropical rainforests?

A

canopy

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54
Q

Where do mammals live in tropical rainforests?

A

trees

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55
Q

Where do snakes live in tropical rainforests?

A

trunks are vertical highways
canopy to forest floow

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56
Q

Where do deer and rodents live in tropical rainforest?

A

forest floor

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57
Q

How much water is there in tropical rainforests?

A

lots of groundwater

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58
Q

What effect does high rainfall and groundwater levels have on tropical rainforests?

A

leaching of soils and nutrients

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59
Q

Why do tropical rainforests struggle with soil fertility?

A

nutrients concentrated in upper topsoil
- taken up quickly by growing plants

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60
Q

What type of roots do plants have in tropical rainforests?

A

shallow roots to maximise growth

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61
Q

How do traditional tribes live in the tropical rainforests?

A

in harmony with natural environment
sustainable system

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62
Q

How do people outside of tribes treat the tropical rainforests?

A

deforestation

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63
Q

What causes deforestation?

A

want for urbanisation, timber or ranches

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64
Q

What colour are soils in tropical rainforests?

A

red coloured
iron rich
- latosol

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65
Q

Where is the majority of nutrients in tropical rainforests?

A

biomass

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66
Q

Why do soils have so little nutrients in tropical rainforests?

A

quickly absorbed by trees and plants or leached by rainfall

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67
Q

Why does litter have so little nutrients in tropical rainforests?

A

prime conditions for decomposers
- warm and wet

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68
Q

How do plants rely on tropical rainforest soils?

A

soils store nutrients which helps plants grow quickly

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69
Q

How do people and animals rely on tropical rainforests?

A

produce 20% of earth’s oxygen

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70
Q

How do plants rely on climate and water in tropical rainforests?

A

plants adapted to specific conditions to take advantage of hot and humid conditions

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71
Q

What resources are species competing for in tropical rainforests?

A

nutrients
sunlight
space
water

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72
Q

What are lianas?

A

epiphytes that climb trees so leaves reach sunlight in canopy

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73
Q

What are drip tips?

A

pointed tip on end of leaf

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74
Q

How are lianas adapted for tropical rainforests conditions?

A

maximise sunlight and space
- growth

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75
Q

How are drip tips adapted for tropical rainforest conditions?

A

encourage rainfall to run off leaves quickly without weight of water damaging them

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76
Q

What are buttress roots?

A

shallow roots spread over wide areas

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77
Q

How are buttress roots adapted for tropical rainforest conditions?

A

maximise absorption of nutrients

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78
Q

How are poison dart frogs adapted to feeding in tropical rainforests?

A

absorb toxins from poisonous insects in mucus

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78
Q

How are poison dart frogs adapted to movement in tropical rainforests?

A

strong suction cups to climb and hold slippery branches

78
Q

Give examples of animals adapted to tropical rainforest conditions

A

poison dart frog
three toed frog

79
Q

How are three toed sloths adapted to predation in tropical rainforests?

A

extra vertebrae to turn neck can turn 270 degrees to check for predators

80
Q

How are three toed sloths adapted to rainfall in tropical rainforests?

A

ability to swim

81
Q

How are three toed sloths adapted to surroundings in tropical rainforests?

A

grown green algae in fur to camouflage

82
Q

What resources do tropical rainforests provide?

A

minerals
fruits
nuts
wood

83
Q

Give examples of resources found in tropical rainforests

A

bananas
cocoa
vanilla
cinnamon
sugar
bauxite

84
Q

How do tropical rainforests create employment?

A

tourism
construction
farming
mining

85
Q

What is mined in tropical rainforests?

86
Q

Give examples of tourism jobs in tropical rainforests

A

stewards
guides

87
Q

How do tropical rainforests create value for indigenous tribes?

A

1000s living in harmony
- depend on maintaining local ecosystem

88
Q

Give example of indigenous tribes in tropical rainforests

A

Achuar tribe in Peru
- 11,000 in small communities

89
Q

How do tropical rainforests socio economic create value?

A

resources
employment
tribes
energy
medicine

90
Q

How do tropical rainforests create environmental value?

A

climate change
water
climate
biodiversity

91
Q

How do tropical rainforests provide energy?

A

hydro electric power created by heavy rainfall
- isolated communities provided with power

92
Q

How do tropical rainforests provide medicine?

A

plants have medicinal values

93
Q

How much medicine comes from tropical rainforests?

A

25% of medicine from tropical rainforests

94
Q

How many plants have anti cancer properties?

A

2000 plus plants have anti cancer properties

95
Q

How do tropical rainforests prevent climate change?

A

absorbs carbon dioxide
- offsets global warming

96
Q

How do tropical rainforests provide water?

A

fresh water source

97
Q

How much fresh water comes from Amazon basin?

A

20% of water comes from Amazon basin

98
Q

What are tropical rainforests named?

A

‘lungs of world’

99
Q

How do tropical rainforests create value through climate?

A

evaporation cools air
- heat extracted during process

100
Q

How does tropical rainforests create value through climate through moisture emitted?

A

transpiration feeds water cycle and prevents climate being hot/dry

101
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

measure of different species in an ecosystem

102
Q

Why do plants grow quickly in tropical rainforests?

A

hot and moist conditions

103
Q

What returns minerals to the soil quickly in tropical rainforests?

A

high rates of decay

104
Q

Why is soil quality poor in tropical rainforests?

A

rapidly absorbed by soil or washed by rainfall and leached

105
Q

Where are nutrients mainly stored in tropical rainforests?

106
Q

How many different species of plants and animal are in the Amazon in total?

A

15 million species

107
Q

How many insects are found in on hectare of Amazon?

A

30,000 species of insect per hectare

108
Q

How many fish are found in one hectare of Amazon?

A

1500 species of fish per hectare

109
Q

How many birds are found in one hectare of Amazon?

A

2000 species of bird per hectare

110
Q

What social issues are threatening biodiversity?

A

slash and burn agriculture
unsustainable timer harvesting
urbanisation
mining

111
Q

How does mining threaten biodiversity in tropical rainforests?

A

toxic metals enter water supplies

112
Q

What environmental issues threaten biodiversity in tropical rainforests?

A

floods
lightning strikes - fire
disease

113
Q

How will reduced biodiversity affect indigenous tribes?

A

unable to survive - abandon lifestyle

114
Q

How will reduced biodiversity affect medicine?

A

extinct before discovered

115
Q

How will reduced biodiversity affect species?

A

extinct before found

116
Q

How will reduced biodiversity affect ecosystem if keystone species extinct?

A

habitats destroyed
food source destroyed

117
Q

Give example of keystone species destroyed by reduced biodiversity

A

Borneo
- orangutan decline due to habitat loss and hunting
- fig tree seeds not distributed
- species dependent on fig tree decline

118
Q

Why do rates of deforestation vary?

A

remaining rainforests protected
development of country - resources / economic gain

119
Q

What countries are covered by Amazon rainforest?

A

Brazil
Bolivia
Peru
Ecuador
Colombia
Venezuela

120
Q

Which direction does Amazon river flow?

A

North east
towards Atlantic Ocean

121
Q

Which direction are lines of longitude?

A

vertical
north to south

122
Q

What direction are lines of latitude?

A

horizontal
west to east

123
Q

What do lines of longitude show?

A

how west or east

124
Q

What do lines of latitude show?

A

how north or south

125
Q

What types of farming happens in tropical rainforests?

A

subsistence
commercial

126
Q

Who does subsistence farming in Amazon?

127
Q

How much deforestation does cattle grazing cause in Amazon?

A

80% deforestation

128
Q

What crops are farmed in tropical rainforests commercially?

A

sugar cane
soy beans
palm oil

129
Q

Give examples of causes for deforestation in Amazon

A

farming
road building
energy development
logging
settlement growth

130
Q

Give examples of trees logged in tropical rainforests

A

mahogany
teak

131
Q

What are trees logged for?

A

charcoal
furniture

132
Q

Why does road building occur in Amazon?

A

new mining areas
new settlements
energy projects
- supplies needed

133
Q

Give an example of a road built in Amazon

A

Trans-Amazonian Highway

134
Q

How long is the Trans-Amazonian Highway?

A

4000 km across forest

135
Q

Give examples of mineral extracted from Amazon rainforest

A

bauxite
copper
gold

136
Q

What environmental challenge does mineral extraction in Amazon cause?

A

scars in landscape
rivers polluted

137
Q

Where is the largest iron ore mine in the world?

138
Q

What is the largest iron ore mine called?

139
Q

How many people work at Carajas iron ore mine?

A

3000 people

140
Q

When is iron extracted from Carajas mine?

A

24 hours a day

141
Q

What allows energy development in tropical rainforests?

A

high rainfall

142
Q

What type of energy is developed in tropical rainforests?

A

hydro electric power

143
Q

What must be made for hydro electric power?

A

large dams and reservoirs

144
Q

Give an example of a dam made for hydro electric power in Amazon

A

Belo Monte Dam

145
Q

What effects will Belo Monte Dam have?

A

will block Xingu river

146
Q

What is the Xingu river?

A

tributary of Amazon

147
Q

What environmental effect will Belo Monte dam have?

A

flooding 40,500 hectares of rainforest

148
Q

What social effect will Belo Monte dam have?

A

15,000 people displaced

149
Q

How does settlement and population growth cause deforestation?

A

farming and mineral extraction
- population increase

150
Q

Which cause of deforestation is most significant in Amazon?

A

road building
- deforestation
- increases access

151
Q

How do factors of deforestation link together?

A

road building increases access meaning farming, logging and mineral extraction can increase

152
Q

How does deforestation affect local climate?

A

less evapotranspiration
less moisture
less clouds
climate drier

153
Q

How will deforestation effect local climate in the future?

A

desertification of rainforests

154
Q

How does deforestation affect soil erosion and fertility?

A

nutrients in biomass removed
nutrients leached
soil degradation

155
Q

How will deforestation effect soil erosion and fertility in the future?

A

marine ecosystems destroyed by flooding

156
Q

How does deforestation affect river pollution?

A

encourages mineral extraction
contamination
bioaccumulation in food chain

157
Q

How will deforestation affect river pollution in the future?

A

local government treat mercury poisoning
contamination irreversible

158
Q

Give examples of factors impacted by deforestation

A

local climate
soil erosion and fertility
river pollution
tribes
climate change
biodiversity

159
Q

How does deforestation cause decline of indigenous tribes?

A

unwell due to viruses
alcohol/drug abuse

160
Q

How does deforestation affect indigenous tribes in future?

A

tradition, culture and knowledge lost

161
Q

How does deforestation cause climate change?

A

reduces photosynthesis

162
Q

How will deforestation affect climate change in the future?

A

greenhouse effect
extreme weather

163
Q

How does deforestation cause biodiversity loss?

A

extinction - irreversible
food chain breaks down

164
Q

How will deforestation affect biodiversity in future?

A

cure for life threatening disease lost forever

165
Q

Give examples of small scale forestry

A

selective logging
agroforestry
replanting

166
Q

What is selective logging?

A

only felling fully grown trees

167
Q

How does selective logging work to sustainably manage rainforests?

A

younger trees preserved - provide protection from soil erosion

168
Q

How long is selective logging process?

A

between 30 and 40 years

169
Q

What is agroforestry?

A

growing crops and trees together

170
Q

How does agroforestry work to sustainably manage rainforests?

A

co existence
reduces water and soil loss

171
Q

What is replanting?

A

recreates forest cover to be same as original

172
Q

How does replanting work to sustainably manage rainforests?

A

maintains replenishment rate

173
Q

What scale is small scale forestry happening on?

A

local scale

174
Q

What limits come with small scale forestry?

A
  • difficult to police and manage
  • not economically sustainable for people who earn income from logging
175
Q

What is the 2006 International Tropical Timber Agreement?

A

agreement that restricts trade in tropical rainforest hardwoods

176
Q

How does 2006 International Tropical Timber Agreement work to sustainably manage rainforests?

A

discourages sale and purchase of hardwood timber
- curbs illegal logging
- choose sustainable grown timber

177
Q

When was the International Tropical Timber Agreement?

178
Q

What scale is the International Tropical Timber Agreement?

A

global scale

179
Q

What are the limitations to International Tropical Timber Agreement?

A

create black market for illegal logging and hardwood timber

180
Q

How is debt reduction used for sustainably managed rainforests?

A

debt for nature

181
Q

Give an example of a debt for nature arrangement

A

USA allowed Brazil to convert debt into funding to protect Amazon

182
Q

How much debt did Brazil owe USA?

A

$13.5 million

183
Q

How does debt reduction work to sustainably manage rainforests?

A

encourages Brazil to invest in sustainable management - writes off debt to protect rainforest

184
Q

What scale is debt reduction happening on?

A

global scale

185
Q

What are the limitations of deb reduction arrangements?

A

reliant on other countries to make large economic investments, with no control of how money is spent

186
Q

What is ecotourism?

A

small scale tourism, aiming to protect rainforests and local people

187
Q

How does ecotourism work to sustainably manage rainforests?

A

provides economic and environmental sustainable jobs for people
- improves education also

188
Q

What scale does ecotourism occur on?

A

local scale

189
Q

What are the limitations of ecotourism?

A

significant investment for start up
difficult on national/regional scale

190
Q

What is education and conservation?

A

supported by NGOs
promote conservation through education programmes and training conservation workers

191
Q

How does education and conservation work to sustainably manage rainforests?

A

encourages sustainable choices
educating importance of tropical rainforests

192
Q

What scale does education and conservation happen on?

A

global scale

193
Q

What are the limitations of education and conservation happen on?

A

impacts of global education cane be difficult to quantify

AQA Geography (14 decks)

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