UK Physical Landscapes : Glacial Landscapes in the UK Flashcards
Define abrasion
rocks and boulders in base of glacier scraping rocks down
Define arete
ridge formed between 2 corries
Define bulldozing
ice pushing material forward
Define corrie
hollow in mountain side formed through erosion, freeze thaw weathering and rotational slip
Define drumlin
hill of glacial till deposited by moving glacier
Define erratic
feature transported and despoiled from source by ice
Define glacial trough
u shaped valley
Define hanging valley
not eroded as much as main vallley
Define moraine
eroded from valley and deposited or transported
Define land use conflicts
disagreements of land owners on how land should be used
Define outwash
deposited by meltwater
Define plucking
glacier removes large sections of rock by freezing around it
Define pyramidal peak
corries cutting back to one point
Define ribbon lake
long narrow lake in glacial trough
Define rotational slip
ice moving in circular motion and eroding hollows
Define till
transported and deposited by glacier
Define truncated spur
former river valley cut off by formation of water falls
Define relief of land
elevation of area
Define topography
natural features of land
Define altitude
height above sea level
Define land use
function of land
What is a lowland area?
close to or below 200m sea level
What is an upland area?
areas above 600m sea below
Give an example of a lowland area
Fens in East Anglia
Give an example of an upland area
Cumbria mountains in the Lake District
How long ago was the last ice age?
10,000 years ago
How thick was the ice cover in the last ice age?
3km
Why do glaciers flow down hill?
gravity
What is a glacial period?
glaciers build into ice sheets covering mountains and moving into lowland areas
What is an interglacial period?
warm temperature for extended time causing retreat of ice to higher altitudes and latitudes
Which direction would permafrost and tundra vegetation extended in?
south
What is a glacier?
body of ice, rocks, water and snow moving under force of gravity
How do glaciers form?
when snow remains year round, it is slowly turned to ice
How does a glacier increase in size?
new layers of snow compress previous layers
What affect does compression have on a glacier?
snow recrystalizes
How does the ice in a glacier increase in density?
air pockets decrease - snow is more compact
What is firn/neve?
middle state between snow and glacier ice
How long does the process of forming a glacier take?
more than one hundred years
What is weathering?
break down of rocks in situ
How does freeze thaw weathering occur?
- water enters crack
- water freezes due to cold temperatures
- pressure breaks the rock
What is glacial erosion?
removal of land by ice
What are the two types of glacial erosion?
plucking
abrasion
How does plucking work?
glacier moves over rock and rips rock out as it moves forward
What causes the glacier to melt and plucking to occur?
friction between glacier and rocks
What is abrasion?
glacier grinds over bedrock
What does abrasion from?
sharp grooves called striations
What is subglacial material?
carried under the glacier
What is englacial material?
transported inside the ice
What is glacial till?
sediment transported by ice
How is moraine formed?
deposition of glacial till
What is till made up of?
angular rocks and boulders
What is bulldozing?
glacier creates piles of debris in front of it
What marks the furthest advance of a glacier?
terminal moraine
Where does till come from?
erosion of rock
How is the till carried?
by glacier / melt water rivers
How does the glacier use subglacial material?
grinds at land beneath to create valleys
Explain why outwash material is rounded
attrition caused by meltwater river
When does glacial deposition occur?
when ice is losing energy
What type of till is spread onto valley floor?
lodgement till
What type of till is dropped by a glacier as it melts?
ablation till
What moraines?
deposited landforms
How does ice move internally of a glacier?
move on top of the other in layers
What is basal slippage?
ice slips over bed
What causes basal slippage?
water at the base of glacier
What creates meltwater streams?
melting ice
What happens above the snow line?
snow cover and ice builds up
Where does snow cover and ice build up?
above the snow line
What happens below the snow line?
snow and ice melt
Where does snow and ice melt?
below the snow line
How does ice at the top of the glacier move?
rotationally, creating a hollow
Why does ice slow down and bunch up in compressing flow?
gradient decreases
What happens when the gradient decreases?
ice slows
bunches up in compressing flows
What is a landform?
natural feature on surface caused by geographical processes
What shape is a corrie?
bowl shaped hollow
What characteristics does a corrie have?
steep back wall
ridges
tarn
jagged summit
rock lip
When a corrie is forming where does snow accumulate?
north facing slops
What forms the steep wall of a corrie?
plucking
What does a glacier take from a corrie?
scree
How does scree form?
freeze thaw weathering
What forms the rock lip in a corrie?
less powerful erosion due to glacier leaving corrie
How does the tarn in a corrie form?
ice melts to form lake
How does an arete form?
two corries form back to back
How does a pyramidal peak form?
corries form sharp point
What forms a ribbon lake?
differential rates of erosion
over deepened valley floor
collect meltwater
What type of rock allows a ribbon lake to form?
soft rock
What forms a glacial trough?
glaciers descend into old river valleys
What forms a truncated spur?
glacier bulldozes valley sidesW
What can glaciers form?
tributary valleys
How are hanging valleys created?
tributary valleys with meltwater
How is terminal moraine transported?
bulldozed by snout
What does terminal moraine allow us to work out?
distance advanced by ice
What is moraine?
material produced by glacial erosion
What shape is moraine?
angular and unsorted
What is glacial flour?
fine powder formed by glacial erosion
How is ground moraine transported?
lodged and deposited under glacier
Where is ground moraine found?
where glaciers once were
How is ground moraine picked up by glacier?
plucking
What forms medial moraine?
glaciers meeting
- lateral moraines merge
What does medial moraine form?
large ridge of rock debris
Where is medial moraine found?
where two glacial tributaries have met
Where is recessional moraine found?
parallel to terminal moraines
What can recessional moraine show?
retreat of glacier
- static long enough for material to build
How does lateral moraine form?
freeze thaw weathering on valley sides
deposited on valley floor as ice melts and glacier shrinks
When is lateral moraine deposited?
ice melts and glacier has shrunk
What process forms lateral moraine?
freeze thaw weathering
Where is glacial moraine found?
edges of glacial trough
What are drumlins?
mounds of till
How do drumlins form?
glacial deposition
What do drumlins tell us?
direction till/glacier travelled in
Describe the formation of a drumlin
material deposited under glacier as ground moraine
sculpted to form drumlin
How does a drumlin show direction of movement?
tapered end
What are the characteristics of a drumlin?
blunted end
tapered end
long axis
What is an erratic?
large boulder made of rock that is not seen elsewhere locally
Give an example of an upland area affected by glaciation
Lake District
What rock type has been shaped by ice in the Lake District?
tough volcanic rock
Name an arete in the Lake District
Striding Edge
Name a corrie lake
Red Tarn
Name a hanging valey
Grisdale
Where is rotational slip evident in the Lake District?
Red Tarn
What causes glacial features to soften over time?
rain and running water
What has developed on valley floors in Lake District?
settlements
Name a settlement in the Lake District
Kewsick
What activities take place on glacial moraine?
farming
hospitality
tourism
What are moraines obscured by?
vegetation
Where can drumlins be seen in the Lake District?
Swindale
Where have erratics travelled from in the Lake District?
Scotland
How long ago were erratics deposited?
between 10,000 and 30,000 years ago
State the physical geography characteristics of the Lake District
ribbon lakes
Scafell Pike
Windermere
rain
How high is Scafell Pike?
978 metres
How deep is Lake Windermere?
74 metres
How long is Lake Windermere?
17km
Why does the Lake District receive lots of rain?
west coast
State the key human geography characteristics of Lake District
tourism
farming
forestry
quarrying
How many people visit the Lake District every year?
18 million
How much money does Lake District make from tourism?
£1.2 billion
How many jobs does tourism create in the Lake District?
18,000 jobs
Name the economic activities that occur in the Lake District
quarrying
forestry
farming
tourism
What type of tourism occurs in the Lake District?
seasonal tourism
What recreational tourism occurs in the Lake District?
sailing, fishing, cruises on lakes
What are the impacts of tourism on the Lake District?
eroded footpaths
How does eroded footpaths create challenges for local people?
sediment and mud moves downhill due to heavy rain
What is the largest employer in the Lake District?
tourism
What attracts walkers to the Lake District?
breath taking views
mountains
Where is the Lake District located?
Cumbria
North West
coastal
What is the highest mountain in the Lake District?
Scafell Pike
What is the deepest lake in the Lake District?
Windermere
What is Mountain Rescue?
24 hour unpaid volunteers rescuing people from mountainside
What are other human uses for the Lake District?
resevoirs
military training
wind turbines
hunting
Why is the Lake District good for quarrying?
tough resistant rock
small population
How much coniferous woodland does the Lake District have?
2 million hectares
What are the negative impacts of forestry on the Lake District?
little sunlight
little biodiversity
Why is the Lake District good for cattle farming?
open spaces for grazing sheep and highland cattle
Why is the Lake District not used for arable farming?
thin soils
limited fertility
short growing season
heavy rain
gradients
Why might there be conflict between farming and tourism in upland areas?
leaving access gates open
dogs worrying sheep
littering
trespassing
What causes conflict between quarrying and conservation?
damage natural environment
destroy habitats
lorries - air pollution
What causes conflict between tourism and conservation?
pollution
littering
footpath erosion
Why might there be conflict between development and conservation surrounding energy?
impact of wind farm on tourism as visual pollutant
- reliance on industry
Why is the Lake District an ideal location for wind farms?
land prices low
sparse population
strong winds
Why might there be conflict between development and conservation surrounding reservoirs?
destroy habitats
impact river flow
Why is the Lake District an ideal location for reservoirs?
high rainfall
deep valleys
sparse population
What advantages could reservoirs bring?
tourism - sailing, fishing
reduce flood risk
Why might there be conflict between development and conservation?
block light
limits vegetation
reduces biodiversity
devoid of wildlife
What is a honeypot site?
area that many tourists are attracted to
What makes Lake Windermere a honeypot site?
jetty museum
water sports
steam railway
wray castle
Where is the World of Beatrix Potter located?
Windermere
Who does the World of Beatrix Potter attract?
families
older generations who grew up reading her books
Where is Alpacaly Ever After located?
Keswick
Who does Alpacaly Ever After attract?
walkers
animal lovers
Where is Bowness-on-Windermere located?
Windermere
Who does Bowness-on-Windermere attract?
water sports enjoyers
Where is Windermere Jetty museum located?
Windermere
Who does Windermere jetty museum attract?
rainy day - families
interested in boats
Where is the steam railway located?
Windermere
Who does the steam railway attract?
rainy day - families
steam railway enthusiasts
Name an environmental impact of tourism
carbon emissions
How can carbon emissions be reduced?
renewable energy
planting trees
local produce
Name an environmental/social/economic impact of tourism
traffic congestion
How can traffic congestion be reduced?
public transport
tolls
bike accessibility
signs - not for caravans
Name a socioeconomic impact of tourism
increased house prices due to holiday homes
How can house prices be manaegd?
encourage off season tourists
How many properties does Airbnb have in the Lake District?
6600 properties
Name an environmental impact of tourism
footpath erosion
How can footpath erosion be managed?
more routes
fences
signs
What is supraglacial material?
carried above glacier
