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AQA Geography > UK Physical Landscapes : Glacial Landscapes in the UK > Flashcards

UK Physical Landscapes : Glacial Landscapes in the UK Flashcards

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1
Q

Define abrasion

A

rocks and boulders in base of glacier scraping rocks down

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2
Q

Define arete

A

ridge formed between 2 corries

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3
Q

Define bulldozing

A

ice pushing material forward

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4
Q

Define corrie

A

hollow in mountain side formed through erosion, freeze thaw weathering and rotational slip

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5
Q

Define drumlin

A

hill of glacial till deposited by moving glacier

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6
Q

Define erratic

A

feature transported and despoiled from source by ice

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7
Q

Define glacial trough

A

u shaped valley

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8
Q

Define hanging valley

A

not eroded as much as main vallley

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9
Q

Define moraine

A

eroded from valley and deposited or transported

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9
Q

Define land use conflicts

A

disagreements of land owners on how land should be used

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10
Q

Define outwash

A

deposited by meltwater

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11
Q

Define plucking

A

glacier removes large sections of rock by freezing around it

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12
Q

Define pyramidal peak

A

corries cutting back to one point

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13
Q

Define ribbon lake

A

long narrow lake in glacial trough

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14
Q

Define rotational slip

A

ice moving in circular motion and eroding hollows

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15
Q

Define till

A

transported and deposited by glacier

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16
Q

Define truncated spur

A

former river valley cut off by formation of water falls

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17
Q

Define relief of land

A

elevation of area

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18
Q

Define topography

A

natural features of land

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19
Q

Define altitude

A

height above sea level

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20
Q

Define land use

A

function of land

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21
Q

What is a lowland area?

A

close to or below 200m sea level

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22
Q

What is an upland area?

A

areas above 600m sea below

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23
Q

Give an example of a lowland area

A

Fens in East Anglia

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24
Q

Give an example of an upland area

A

Cumbria mountains in the Lake District

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25
Q

How long ago was the last ice age?

A

10,000 years ago

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26
Q

How thick was the ice cover in the last ice age?

A

3km

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27
Q

Why do glaciers flow down hill?

A

gravity

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28
Q

What is a glacial period?

A

glaciers build into ice sheets covering mountains and moving into lowland areas

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29
Q

What is an interglacial period?

A

warm temperature for extended time causing retreat of ice to higher altitudes and latitudes

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30
Q

Which direction would permafrost and tundra vegetation extended in?

A

south

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31
Q

What is a glacier?

A

body of ice, rocks, water and snow moving under force of gravity

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32
Q

How do glaciers form?

A

when snow remains year round, it is slowly turned to ice

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33
Q

How does a glacier increase in size?

A

new layers of snow compress previous layers

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34
Q

What affect does compression have on a glacier?

A

snow recrystalizes

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35
Q

How does the ice in a glacier increase in density?

A

air pockets decrease - snow is more compact

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36
Q

What is firn/neve?

A

middle state between snow and glacier ice

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37
Q

How long does the process of forming a glacier take?

A

more than one hundred years

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38
Q

What is weathering?

A

break down of rocks in situ

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39
Q

How does freeze thaw weathering occur?

A
  1. water enters crack
  2. water freezes due to cold temperatures
  3. pressure breaks the rock
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40
Q

What is glacial erosion?

A

removal of land by ice

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41
Q

What are the two types of glacial erosion?

A

plucking
abrasion

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42
Q

How does plucking work?

A

glacier moves over rock and rips rock out as it moves forward

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43
Q

What causes the glacier to melt and plucking to occur?

A

friction between glacier and rocks

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44
Q

What is abrasion?

A

glacier grinds over bedrock

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45
Q

What does abrasion from?

A

sharp grooves called striations

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46
Q

What is subglacial material?

A

carried under the glacier

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47
Q

What is englacial material?

A

transported inside the ice

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48
Q

What is glacial till?

A

sediment transported by ice

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49
Q

How is moraine formed?

A

deposition of glacial till

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50
Q

What is till made up of?

A

angular rocks and boulders

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51
Q

What is bulldozing?

A

glacier creates piles of debris in front of it

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52
Q

What marks the furthest advance of a glacier?

A

terminal moraine

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53
Q

Where does till come from?

A

erosion of rock

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54
Q

How is the till carried?

A

by glacier / melt water rivers

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55
Q

How does the glacier use subglacial material?

A

grinds at land beneath to create valleys

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56
Q

Explain why outwash material is rounded

A

attrition caused by meltwater river

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57
Q

When does glacial deposition occur?

A

when ice is losing energy

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58
Q

What type of till is spread onto valley floor?

A

lodgement till

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59
Q

What type of till is dropped by a glacier as it melts?

A

ablation till

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60
Q

What moraines?

A

deposited landforms

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61
Q

How does ice move internally of a glacier?

A

move on top of the other in layers

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62
Q

What is basal slippage?

A

ice slips over bed

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63
Q

What causes basal slippage?

A

water at the base of glacier

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64
Q

What creates meltwater streams?

A

melting ice

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65
Q

What happens above the snow line?

A

snow cover and ice builds up

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66
Q

Where does snow cover and ice build up?

A

above the snow line

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67
Q

What happens below the snow line?

A

snow and ice melt

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68
Q

Where does snow and ice melt?

A

below the snow line

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69
Q

How does ice at the top of the glacier move?

A

rotationally, creating a hollow

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70
Q

Why does ice slow down and bunch up in compressing flow?

A

gradient decreases

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71
Q

What happens when the gradient decreases?

A

ice slows
bunches up in compressing flows

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72
Q

What is a landform?

A

natural feature on surface caused by geographical processes

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73
Q

What shape is a corrie?

A

bowl shaped hollow

74
Q

What characteristics does a corrie have?

A

steep back wall
ridges
tarn
jagged summit
rock lip

75
Q

When a corrie is forming where does snow accumulate?

A

north facing slops

76
Q

What forms the steep wall of a corrie?

A

plucking

77
Q

What does a glacier take from a corrie?

A

scree

78
Q

How does scree form?

A

freeze thaw weathering

79
Q

What forms the rock lip in a corrie?

A

less powerful erosion due to glacier leaving corrie

80
Q

How does the tarn in a corrie form?

A

ice melts to form lake

81
Q

How does an arete form?

A

two corries form back to back

82
Q

How does a pyramidal peak form?

A

corries form sharp point

83
Q

What forms a ribbon lake?

A

differential rates of erosion
over deepened valley floor
collect meltwater

84
Q

What type of rock allows a ribbon lake to form?

A

soft rock

85
Q

What forms a glacial trough?

A

glaciers descend into old river valleys

86
Q

What forms a truncated spur?

A

glacier bulldozes valley sidesW

87
Q

What can glaciers form?

A

tributary valleys

88
Q

How are hanging valleys created?

A

tributary valleys with meltwater

89
Q

How is terminal moraine transported?

A

bulldozed by snout

90
Q

What does terminal moraine allow us to work out?

A

distance advanced by ice

91
Q

What is moraine?

A

material produced by glacial erosion

92
Q

What shape is moraine?

A

angular and unsorted

93
Q

What is glacial flour?

A

fine powder formed by glacial erosion

94
Q

How is ground moraine transported?

A

lodged and deposited under glacier

95
Q

Where is ground moraine found?

A

where glaciers once were

96
Q

How is ground moraine picked up by glacier?

A

plucking

97
Q

What forms medial moraine?

A

glaciers meeting
- lateral moraines merge

98
Q

What does medial moraine form?

A

large ridge of rock debris

99
Q

Where is medial moraine found?

A

where two glacial tributaries have met

100
Q

Where is recessional moraine found?

A

parallel to terminal moraines

101
Q

What can recessional moraine show?

A

retreat of glacier
- static long enough for material to build

102
Q

How does lateral moraine form?

A

freeze thaw weathering on valley sides
deposited on valley floor as ice melts and glacier shrinks

103
Q

When is lateral moraine deposited?

A

ice melts and glacier has shrunk

104
Q

What process forms lateral moraine?

A

freeze thaw weathering

105
Q

Where is glacial moraine found?

A

edges of glacial trough

106
Q

What are drumlins?

A

mounds of till

107
Q

How do drumlins form?

A

glacial deposition

108
Q

What do drumlins tell us?

A

direction till/glacier travelled in

109
Q

Describe the formation of a drumlin

A

material deposited under glacier as ground moraine
sculpted to form drumlin

110
Q

How does a drumlin show direction of movement?

A

tapered end

111
Q

What are the characteristics of a drumlin?

A

blunted end
tapered end
long axis

112
Q

What is an erratic?

A

large boulder made of rock that is not seen elsewhere locally

113
Q

Give an example of an upland area affected by glaciation

A

Lake District

114
Q

What rock type has been shaped by ice in the Lake District?

A

tough volcanic rock

115
Q

Name an arete in the Lake District

A

Striding Edge

116
Q

Name a corrie lake

A

Red Tarn

117
Q

Name a hanging valey

A

Grisdale

118
Q

Where is rotational slip evident in the Lake District?

A

Red Tarn

119
Q

What causes glacial features to soften over time?

A

rain and running water

120
Q

What has developed on valley floors in Lake District?

A

settlements

121
Q

Name a settlement in the Lake District

A

Kewsick

122
Q

What activities take place on glacial moraine?

A

farming
hospitality
tourism

123
Q

What are moraines obscured by?

A

vegetation

124
Q

Where can drumlins be seen in the Lake District?

A

Swindale

125
Q

Where have erratics travelled from in the Lake District?

A

Scotland

126
Q

How long ago were erratics deposited?

A

between 10,000 and 30,000 years ago

127
Q

State the physical geography characteristics of the Lake District

A

ribbon lakes
Scafell Pike
Windermere
rain

128
Q

How high is Scafell Pike?

A

978 metres

129
Q

How deep is Lake Windermere?

A

74 metres

130
Q

How long is Lake Windermere?

A

17km

131
Q

Why does the Lake District receive lots of rain?

A

west coast

132
Q

State the key human geography characteristics of Lake District

A

tourism
farming
forestry
quarrying

133
Q

How many people visit the Lake District every year?

A

18 million

134
Q

How much money does Lake District make from tourism?

A

£1.2 billion

135
Q

How many jobs does tourism create in the Lake District?

A

18,000 jobs

136
Q

Name the economic activities that occur in the Lake District

A

quarrying
forestry
farming
tourism

137
Q

What type of tourism occurs in the Lake District?

A

seasonal tourism

138
Q

What recreational tourism occurs in the Lake District?

A

sailing, fishing, cruises on lakes

139
Q

What are the impacts of tourism on the Lake District?

A

eroded footpaths

140
Q

How does eroded footpaths create challenges for local people?

A

sediment and mud moves downhill due to heavy rain

141
Q

What is the largest employer in the Lake District?

A

tourism

142
Q

What attracts walkers to the Lake District?

A

breath taking views
mountains

143
Q

Where is the Lake District located?

A

Cumbria
North West
coastal

144
Q

What is the highest mountain in the Lake District?

A

Scafell Pike

145
Q

What is the deepest lake in the Lake District?

A

Windermere

146
Q

What is Mountain Rescue?

A

24 hour unpaid volunteers rescuing people from mountainside

147
Q

What are other human uses for the Lake District?

A

resevoirs
military training
wind turbines
hunting

148
Q

Why is the Lake District good for quarrying?

A

tough resistant rock
small population

149
Q

How much coniferous woodland does the Lake District have?

A

2 million hectares

150
Q

What are the negative impacts of forestry on the Lake District?

A

little sunlight
little biodiversity

151
Q

Why is the Lake District good for cattle farming?

A

open spaces for grazing sheep and highland cattle

152
Q

Why is the Lake District not used for arable farming?

A

thin soils
limited fertility
short growing season
heavy rain
gradients

153
Q

Why might there be conflict between farming and tourism in upland areas?

A

leaving access gates open
dogs worrying sheep
littering
trespassing

154
Q

What causes conflict between quarrying and conservation?

A

damage natural environment
destroy habitats
lorries - air pollution

155
Q

What causes conflict between tourism and conservation?

A

pollution
littering
footpath erosion

156
Q

Why might there be conflict between development and conservation surrounding energy?

A

impact of wind farm on tourism as visual pollutant
- reliance on industry

157
Q

Why is the Lake District an ideal location for wind farms?

A

land prices low
sparse population
strong winds

158
Q

Why might there be conflict between development and conservation surrounding reservoirs?

A

destroy habitats
impact river flow

159
Q

Why is the Lake District an ideal location for reservoirs?

A

high rainfall
deep valleys
sparse population

160
Q

What advantages could reservoirs bring?

A

tourism - sailing, fishing
reduce flood risk

161
Q

Why might there be conflict between development and conservation?

A

block light
limits vegetation
reduces biodiversity
devoid of wildlife

162
Q

What is a honeypot site?

A

area that many tourists are attracted to

163
Q

What makes Lake Windermere a honeypot site?

A

jetty museum
water sports
steam railway
wray castle

164
Q

Where is the World of Beatrix Potter located?

A

Windermere

165
Q

Who does the World of Beatrix Potter attract?

A

families
older generations who grew up reading her books

166
Q

Where is Alpacaly Ever After located?

A

Keswick

167
Q

Who does Alpacaly Ever After attract?

A

walkers
animal lovers

168
Q

Where is Bowness-on-Windermere located?

A

Windermere

169
Q

Who does Bowness-on-Windermere attract?

A

water sports enjoyers

170
Q

Where is Windermere Jetty museum located?

A

Windermere

171
Q

Who does Windermere jetty museum attract?

A

rainy day - families
interested in boats

172
Q

Where is the steam railway located?

A

Windermere

173
Q

Who does the steam railway attract?

A

rainy day - families
steam railway enthusiasts

174
Q

Name an environmental impact of tourism

A

carbon emissions

175
Q

How can carbon emissions be reduced?

A

renewable energy
planting trees
local produce

176
Q

Name an environmental/social/economic impact of tourism

A

traffic congestion

177
Q

How can traffic congestion be reduced?

A

public transport
tolls
bike accessibility
signs - not for caravans

178
Q

Name a socioeconomic impact of tourism

A

increased house prices due to holiday homes

179
Q

How can house prices be manaegd?

A

encourage off season tourists

180
Q

How many properties does Airbnb have in the Lake District?

A

6600 properties

181
Q

Name an environmental impact of tourism

A

footpath erosion

182
Q

How can footpath erosion be managed?

A

more routes
fences
signs

183
Q

What is supraglacial material?

A

carried above glacier

AQA Geography (9 decks)

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