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AQA Geography > The Changing Economic World : Overview and Nigeria > Flashcards

The Changing Economic World : Overview and Nigeria Flashcards

1
Q

Define gross domestic product

A

value of goods and services produced by a country in one year

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2
Q

Define migration

A

movement of people from one permanent to another

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3
Q

Define transnational corporation

A

initial investment and jobs leading to multiplier effect

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4
Q

Define industrial structure

A

proportion of workforce employed in sectors of economy

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5
Q

Define development

A

progress of country in terms of economic growth, technology and human welfare

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6
Q

Define development gap

A

different standards of living and wellbeing in countries

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7
Q

Define Gross National Income

A

measurement of economic activity that is calculated by national income divided by population

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8
Q

Define human development index

A

method of measuring development in GDP per capita

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9
Q

Define quality of life

A

wide range of humans’ needs met alongside income growth

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10
Q

How are GDP and GNI different?

A

GDP within a country
GNI international trade/investments

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11
Q

What is GDP?

A

value of country’s output from within borders of a country

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12
Q

What are the elements that make up quality of life?

A

economic
social
psychological
physical

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13
Q

What are LICs?

A

poor quality of life with inadequate services
inadequate services and few opportunities

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14
Q

What are NEEs?

A

rapid economic growth based on industrial development

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15
Q

What are HICs?

A

modern industries with high proportions of people in service sector

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16
Q

What are the BRIC countries?

A

Brazil
Russia
India
China

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17
Q

What are the MINT countries?

A

Mexico
Indonesia
Nigeria
Turkey

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18
Q

How can we measure development?

A

disease
GNI
HDI
birth / death rates
infant mortality
life expectancy
people per doctor
literacy rates
safe water

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19
Q

How does life expectancy differ globally?

A

HIC - high
NEEs - increasing
LIC - low

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20
Q

Why does life expectancy differ globally?

A

Industrial Revolution different rates
- income/work conditions improve differently

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21
Q

What does Gross National Income measure?

A

wealth

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22
Q

What does GNI per head measure?

A

wealth

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23
Q

How does Gross National Income change as a country develops?

A

increases

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24
Q

What is Gross National Income measured in?

A

US dollars

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25
Q

What is GNI per head a measure of?

A

wealth

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26
Q

How does GNI per head change as a country develops?

A

increases

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27
Q

What is a limitation of GNI per head?

A

small number of extremely wealthy people
- lots of poorer people

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28
Q

What are the limitations of Gross National Income?

A

only income
average calculation
dishonesty on earnings
informal sector not included

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29
Q

What is birth rate a measure of?

A

education

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30
Q

Give examples of social measures of development

A

birth rates
death rates
infant mortality rates
life expectancy
literacy rates
safe water

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31
Q

Give an example of a economic measure of development

A

Gross National Income

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32
Q

What are birth rates?

A

number of live births per 1000

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33
Q

What is a limitation of birth rates?

A

low birth rates despite poverty
birth control policies distort results

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34
Q

What are death rates?

A

number of deaths per 1000

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35
Q

What are death rates a measure of?

A

health

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36
Q

What are the limitations of death rates?

A

high due to poverty OR elderly population

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37
Q

Which is more reliable? Birth rates or death rates?

A

birth rates

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38
Q

What are infant mortality rates?

A

number of deaths for children under 1 per 1000

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39
Q

What are infant mortality rates a measure of?

A

health

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40
Q

What are the limitations for infant mortality rates?

A

not all deaths reported

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41
Q

What is life expectancy?

A

average number of years expected to live

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42
Q

What is life expectancy a measure of/

A

health

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43
Q

What are the limitations of life expectancy?

A

not always reliable data
misleading for high infant rates - may live longer past infant rates

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44
Q

What are literacy rates?

A

people with basic reading and writing skills

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45
Q

What is literacy rates a measure of?

A

education

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46
Q

What are the limitations of literacy rates?

A

lack of monitoring in LICs
war zones and squatter settlements

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47
Q

What is people per doctor?

A

average number of people per doctor

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48
Q

What is people per doctor a measure of?

A

health

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49
Q

How will people per doctor change as a country develops?

A

decreases

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50
Q

What are the limitations of people per doctor?

A

densely populated or scarcely populated areas

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51
Q

What is percentage of access to safe water?

A

percentage of people with access to safe mains water

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52
Q

What is percentage of access to safe water a measure of?

A

health

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53
Q

What are the limitations of percentage of access to safe water?

A

data collection inaccurate
access but high costs force unsafe water used

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54
Q

What is the Human Development Index?

A

composite measure of income, life expectancy and education

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55
Q

What is the Human Development Index measured between?

A

0 to 1

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56
Q

What are the limitations to Human Development Index?

A

only 3 indicators
average calculations
subjective weighting
unreliable statistics provided

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57
Q

What 3 indicators are used in Human Development Index?

A

education
income
life expectancy

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58
Q

What does a Demographic Transition model show?

A

birth rates
death rates
life expectancy
total population size

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59
Q

How many stages does the Demographic Transition model have?

A

5 stages

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60
Q

What is birth rate and death rate like in Stage 1?

A

high

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61
Q

What is birth rate and death rate like in Stage 2?

A

birth rate high
death rate falls rapidly

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62
Q

What is birth rate and death rate like in Stage 3?

A

birth rate falls
death rate falls slowly

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63
Q

What is birth rate and death rate like in Stage 4?

A

low

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64
Q

What is birth rate and death rate like in Stage 5?

A

very low

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65
Q

What is natural increase in Stage 1 like?

A

stable increases and decreases

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66
Q

What is natural increase stage 2 like?

A

very rapid increase

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67
Q

What is natural increase stage 3?

A

increases slowly

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68
Q

What is natural increase at stage 4?

A

slow increase

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69
Q

What is natural increase at stage 5?

A

slow decrease

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70
Q

Why are birth rates high in sage 1 and stage 2?

A

religious values strong
high infant mortality
lack of contraceptives and family planning

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71
Q

Why are birth rates decreasing in stage 3?

A

laws against child labour
improved medical care and diet

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72
Q

Why are birth rates decreasing in stage 4 and 5?

A

emancipation and education
materialism
later child birth
later and fewer marriages
family planning

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73
Q

Why are death rates high in stage 1?

A

diseases
famines
poor medical knowledge

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74
Q

Why are death rates decreasing in stage 2 and 3?

A

improvements in medical care
sewers
water supply
sanitation
improved food supply and education

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75
Q

Why are death rates decreasing in stage 4 and 5?

A

medical advances
food supply
preventative medicine

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76
Q

What factors cause uneven development?

A

physical
economic
historical

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77
Q

How do historical factors cause uneven development?

A

disease
colonisation
religion
education
conflict

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78
Q

Give examples of colonised areas

A

Haiti by French
Dominican Republic by Spain

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79
Q

What caused colonialism?

A

Europe wanted global influence
competition between rival states
new sea routes

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80
Q

What events occurred due to colonialism?

A

new technologies
power struggles
transatlantic slave trade
education / religion
modern borders

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81
Q

How do physical factors cause uneven development?

A

landlocked
climate diseases and pests
extreme weather
limited access to clean water

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82
Q

How does landlocked cause uneven development?

A

cut off from sea borne trade

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83
Q

How does climate related diseases and pests cause uneven development?

A

not healthy enough to work - malaria
destroy crops - locusts

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84
Q

How does extreme weather cause uneven development?

A

droughts, floods, tropical storms
- costly repairs to infrastructure

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85
Q

How does limited access to clean water cause uneven development?

A

unable to work and sickness

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86
Q

When did Haiti experience an earthquake?

A

2010

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87
Q

What magnitude was the earthquake in Haiti?

A

7.0

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88
Q

Where did the earthquake in Haiti effect?

A

Port - au - Prince

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89
Q

How many people died in Haiti earthquake?

A

300,000 people died

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90
Q

How many people were injured in Haiti earthquake?

A

300,000 people injured

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91
Q

How many homes destroyed in Haiti earthquake?

A

300,000 homes destroyed

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92
Q

How many schools were destroyed in Haiti earthquake?

A

25% of schools

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93
Q

What did high death rates lead to in Haiti?

A

orphaned children
- lost wage earner
- no multiplier
- children work / no education

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94
Q

What did high injury rates lead to in Haiti?

A

time off work / inability
- loss of income
- no multiplier
- remain in poverty

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95
Q

What did homes destroyed lead to in Haiti?

A

1 million people homeless
- crime
- rebellions
- riots
- money spent on rebuild

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96
Q

What did schools destroyed lead to in Haiti?

A

lack of education
- literacy falls
- crime
- lack of job opps.
- reduces economic growth

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97
Q

How do economic factors cause uneven development?

A

poverty
trade

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98
Q

How does poverty cause uneven development?

A

lack of money slows development
- prevent improvements in education, living standards, sanitation and infrastructure

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99
Q

How does trade cause uneven development?

A

trade dominated because of secondary goods
- dictate trade to their advantage

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100
Q

What do LICs trade?

A

primary goods

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101
Q

What effect does LIC trade have on them?

A

low value
- earn little money
- limited funds to invest to develop

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102
Q

What do LICs rely on?

A

single exports

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103
Q

What does LICs reliance on single exports mean?

A

fluctuations in market price
- drop in market value
- losing proportion of income

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104
Q

What are the consequences of uneven development?

A

health
wealth
global migration

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105
Q

How many deaths are under 15s in LICs?

A

40% under 15s

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106
Q

How many deaths are under 15s in HICs?

A

1% under 15s

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107
Q

How many deaths are over 70s in LICs?

A

20% over 70s

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108
Q

What causes infant mortality of children under 5 in LICs?

A

childbirth complications

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109
Q

What are the main causes of death in LICs?

A

lung infections
HIV/AIDS
diarrhoea
malaria
tuberculosis

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110
Q

How many deaths are people 70 and over in HICs?

A

70% over 70s

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111
Q

What are the main causes of death in HICs?

A

chronic diseases
heart cancer
lung cancer
dementia
diabetes

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112
Q

How much of total wealth is in North America?

A

35%

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113
Q

How of population is in North America?

A

5%

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114
Q

How many people died of Ebola between 2014 and 2015?

A

11,000 deaths

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115
Q

Where did Ebola effect?

A

Sierra Leone
Guinea
Liberia

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116
Q

Which country suffered most due to Ebola?

A

Sierra Leone
- indebtedness
- civil war

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117
Q

How many economic migrants have come to the UK since 2004?

A

1.5 million economic migrants

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118
Q

How many economic migrants are Polish?

A

66%

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119
Q

What is the unemployment rate in Poland?

A

10%

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120
Q

How much more can economic migrants earn in UK?

A

5 times more than Poland

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121
Q

What are the benefits of economic migrants?

A

tax causes multiplier effects
manual jobs on farms

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122
Q

What are the disadvantages of economic migrants?

A

pressure on education and healthcare

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123
Q

What strategies can be used to reduce development gap?

A

investment
industrial development
fair trade
tourism
aid
reparations
microfinance lonas

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124
Q

How does Investment by TNCs work?

A

help sector grow more quickly
- investors collect ‘return’ on investments

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125
Q

Why is investment by TNCs a popular method?

A

develops rapidly and HICs can earn money back

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126
Q

Give examples of sectors that are invested to in Investment by TNCs

A

health
education
insurance
agriculture

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127
Q

Give an example of Investment by TNCs

A

Royal Dutch Shell employs more than 4500 people in Nigeria

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128
Q

How many people does Royal Dutch Shell employ in Nigeria?

A

4500 employees in Nigeria

129
Q

What are the advantages of Investment by TNCs?

A

viable in many places
allows movement from primary sector

130
Q

What does Investment by TNCs allow?

A

movement from primary sector

131
Q

What are the disadvantages of investment by TNCs?

A

earn more than physical workers
poor conditions
economic leakages

132
Q

What are economic leakages?

A

profit returns to country of investment origin

133
Q

What is industrial development and how does it work?

A

investment in primary industries

134
Q

How does industrial development reduce development gap?

A

increases manufacturing
generates wealth
increases productivity

135
Q

Give an example of industrial development

A

6 years of industrial growth reduced proportion of poverty by 15% in Mozambique

136
Q

How did industrial development Mozambique?

A

6 years reduced poverty by 15%

137
Q

What are the advantages of industrial development?

A

increases wages
quality of life
multiplier effect

138
Q

What are the disadvantages of industrial development?

A

struggle to find funds for investment

139
Q

Where can aid come from?

140
Q

What types of aid are there?

A

tied or untied

141
Q

What is aid and how does it work to reduce uneven development?

A

gift of money, goods or services that do not have to be repaid

142
Q

Give an example of aid that reduces uneven development

A

UK spends 0.7% of national income on overseas projects in Sierra Leone and Syria

143
Q

How much of UK’s national income is spent on aid?

A

0.7% to Sierra Leone and Syria

144
Q

What are the advantages of aid?

A

improves living standards
recovery after war or natural disaster

145
Q

What are the disadvantages of aid?

A

dependency on aid
wasted on corrupt government

146
Q

What is intermediate technology and how does it work to reduce uneven development?

A

simple and practical tools speed up process

147
Q

What does intermediate technology benefit?

A

local people harvest crops quickly and manual labour decreased

148
Q

What are the advantages of intermediate technology?

A

sustainable and cheap
empowers locals
simple
crop yield increased

149
Q

What are the disadvantages of intermediate technology?

A

machinery replaces man power

150
Q

Give an example of intermediate technology

A

solar box cookers in India and Kenya produce energy for domestic cleaning

151
Q

What is fair trade and how does it help to reduce uneven development?

A

fair percentage of retail price received by farmers or factories

152
Q

Give an example of fair trade

A

Columbian household income of banana farmers increased by 34%

153
Q

How much has household income increased for Columbian banana farmers?

A

34% increase

154
Q

What are the advantages of fair trade?

A

increases crop yield
workers rights
sustainable

155
Q

What are the disadvantages of fair trade?

A

higher prices in HICs - not purchased

156
Q

What is debt relief and how does it reduce uneven development?

A

HICs loaning to LICs

157
Q

Give an example of debt relief

A

Indonesia agreed to protect Sumatran forests for $30 million borrowed from USA

158
Q

How much had Indonesia borrowed from US and how did they repay it?

A

$30 million
protection of Sumatran forest

159
Q

What are the advantages of debt relief?

A

eases pressure
allows spending on education and health

160
Q

What are the disadvantages of debt relief?

A

not all debt is written off

161
Q

What are microfinance loans and how do they work to reduce uneven development?

A

subsistence farmers loaned microfinances from bank

162
Q

What are microfinance loans designed to do?

A

escape cycle of poverty
staring point for family

163
Q

Give an example of microfinance loans

A

buying fertiliser to increase crop yield
- profit pays off loan

164
Q

What are the advantages of microfinance loans?

A

low interest

165
Q

What are the disadvantages of microfinance loans?

A

hard to create surplus
no pay back if fails

166
Q

Which strategy is least effective at reducing uneven development and why?

A

TNC investment
- economic leakage
- poor working conditions
+ movement from primary

167
Q

Which strategy is most effective at reducing uneven development and why?

A

intermediate technology
+ empowers locals
+ easily taught
+ increase crop yield
- machinery reduces jobs

168
Q

Where is Tunisia?

A

Northern Africa

169
Q

What coast does Tunisia have?

A

Mediterranean

170
Q

What does Tunisia border?

A

Algeria (W)
Libya (E)
Sahara desert (S)

171
Q

What is the capital of Tunisia?

172
Q

What is Tunisia’s population?

A

11 million

173
Q

What are the languages spoken in Tunisia?

A

Arabic
French
Berber

174
Q

What type of country is Tunisia?

A

Newly Emerging Economy

175
Q

What is the approximate GDP for Tunisia?

176
Q

What are the five reasons for growth in Tunisia?

A

climate
links with Europe
history and culture
package holidays cheap
physical landscape

177
Q

How has climate created growth in Tunisia?

A

northerly coast has Mediterranean climate with hot summers and mild winters

178
Q

How has links with Europe created growth in Tunisia?

A

easily accessible by low cost airlines
ex colony of France

179
Q

How has history and culture created growth in Tunisia?

A

seven UNESCO World Heritage Sites
remains of Carthage
Roman El-Jem amphitheatre
Star Wars filmed

180
Q

How has cheap package holidays created growth in Tunisia?

A

Tunisian government worked in conjunction with tourist operators like TUI to develop tourist destination : hotels, transport, recreational activities

181
Q

How has physical landscape created growth in Tunisia?

A

varied and diverse
beaches
Dorsal mountains
Sahara desert
range of activites

182
Q

What does tourism create few of?

A

managerial and professional posts

183
Q

What has been set up for the tourist industry in Tunisia?

A

hotel/restaurant management schools

184
Q

What has developed in Tunisia as a result of tourism?

A

impairement of agricultural production

185
Q

Who takes managerial jobs in tourism in Tunisia?

A

expatriates
- disadvantages locals

186
Q

How can expansion of hotels impact the environment in Tunisia?

A

building roads
sewage treatment

187
Q

How much average rainfall does Tunisia receive?

A

1.3 inches

188
Q

How much does an average Tunisian use of water?

189
Q

How much does a tourist use compared to a Tunisian?

A

8 times amount

190
Q

Why does tourism use so much water?

A

food / drink production
swimming pools
watering gardens/golf courses

191
Q

How many jobs have been created in Tunisia?

A

370,000 jobs created

192
Q

How has agriculture benefitted from tourism?

A

provide food for tourists

193
Q

How have locals benefits been impacted by tourism?

A

benefitted
- more trade

194
Q

Give examples of local business in Tunisia

A

shop keepers
taxi drivers
construction industry

195
Q

How much has hotel room capacity increased by?

A

quadrupled

196
Q

What does disposable income mean for the government?

A

able to tax disposable income

197
Q

What does tax mean for the people of Tunisia?

A

investments into education and healthcare
- girls go to school
- literacy rates increase
- life expectancy increases

198
Q

Tunisia is one of the…

A

…wealthiest countries in Africa

199
Q

How much has been invested into Tunisia’s healthcare system?

200
Q

How much have literacy rates increased by since 1995?

A

13% increase in literacy rates

201
Q

What happened in Tunisia in 2015?

A

terrorist attack against tourists
- unsafe by foreign governments

202
Q

What is a negative socioeconomic impact of tourism in Tunisia?

A

leakages of profits back to TNCs
e.g. Thomas Cook

203
Q

What is industrial structure?

A

relative proportion of workforce employed in sectors of economy

204
Q

What is NEE?

A

country with rapidly growing economy due to developments and reforms

205
Q

What is balanced economy?

A

economic growth sustainable and growing across different sectors

206
Q

What is sectors of economy?

A

different types of jobs

207
Q

What is economic development?

A

process by which nation improves economic well being of its people

208
Q

What is TNCs?

A

large company that operates in several countries

209
Q

What is industrial development?

A

start of employment in new places or redevelopment of old industry

210
Q

What is manufacturing industry?

A

industry and trade based on processing raw materials

211
Q

What is Nigeria’s global importance?

A

Nollywood
2.7% world’s oil
Nigerian diaspora 1.24 million

212
Q

What is Nigeria’s regional importance?

A

African Union
largest economy in West Africa
largest pop in Africa

213
Q

How many minority groups make up Nigeria’s population?

A

250 minority groups make up 1/3 of population

214
Q

How does minority groups impact Nigeria’s development?

A

language barriers/traditions can be overcome

215
Q

Where is Nigerian music enjoyed?

A

across Africa and beyond

216
Q

How does Nigerian music impact Nigeria’s development?

A

encourages migration to be part of it

217
Q

What is happening to Nigeria’s rainfall?

A

decreasing volumes

218
Q

How will decreasing rainfall impact Nigeria’s development?

A

increases pressure on water use

219
Q

What are the positives of a youthful population?

A

attractive to TNCs
working generation
health and able to contribute to economy
less gov expenditure on health

220
Q

What are the negatives of a youthful population?

A

competition for jobs
pressure on schools
workforce requires more training

221
Q

How many Nigerians live internationally?

A

1.24 million

222
Q

How has politics affected Nigeria’s development?

A

two and a half year civil war

223
Q

When did Nigeria experience civil war?

224
Q

What caused the civil war in Nigeria?

A

declaration of indepedence of Biafra

225
Q

What did the civil war cause in Nigeria?

A

mass migration
100,000 military casualties
2 million needing food aid

226
Q

How did the civil war affect Nigeria’s development?

A

concentration of people
high pop density / scarcity
- uneven development

227
Q

What are the three fastest growing industries in Nigeria?

A

telecommunications
retail and wholesale
film industry

228
Q

What has caused changes in sectors of economy in Nigeria?

A

rural to urban migration
industrialisation
foreign investment
education improves

229
Q

How has agriculture been impacted by changing industrial structure in Nigeria?

A

percentage working in agriculture has halved

230
Q

What has caused decrease in farm workers in Nigeria?

A

increased farm machinery
better pay/conditions in other sectors

231
Q

How much has number of those employed in services increased?

A

increased by 50%

232
Q

What has modernising economy in Nigeria meant?

A

increase in communications, retail and finance

233
Q

How much has employment in industry increased in Nigeria?

A

employment in industry has trebled

234
Q

How have Nigerians been impacted by changing industrial structure?

A

improved living standards
reduced imports - cheaper
formal jobs - taxes

235
Q

What is a cash crop?

A

agricultural crop planted for purpose of selling or exporting for profit

236
Q

What is a positive trade balance?

A

exports exceeding imports creates profit and trade surplus

237
Q

What is a free trade zone?

A

geographic area where goods are dealt with under specific customs, not subject to duty

238
Q

What does neo colonial mean?

A

control of less developed countries through indirect trade

239
Q

Give an example of manufacturing industry in Nigeria

A

Dangote cement

240
Q

Why is manufacturing industry changing in Nigeria?

A

urbanisation
rural to urban migration
population growth

241
Q

How does manufacturing industry impact development?

A

increases economic development
formal pay
expansion into other countries
- increases Nigeria’s influence

242
Q

How does manufacturing industry impact people’s quality of life?

A

secure formal job
regulated working conditions
money spent on healthcare and education

243
Q

How many TNCs operate in Nigeria?

244
Q

How many people are employed by Unilever in Nigeria?

A

1500 people employed

245
Q

What has Unilever promoted in Nigeria?

A

improvements in healthcare, education and water supply

246
Q

What was Unilever voted in Nigeria?

A

second best company to work for in 2014

247
Q

What are the negative impacts in Nigeria from Shell Oil?

A

oil spills
toxic fumes
militant groups disrupt
oil theft

248
Q

What effect does oil theft have?

A

costs government and TNCs billions of dollars every year

249
Q

How much petroleum does Shell produce in Nigeria?

A

more than 21% of Nigeria’s petroleum

250
Q

How many oil fields does Shell have in Nigeria?

A

eighty oil fields

251
Q

What have Shell been accused of in Nigeria?

A

crimes against Ogoni people in Niger Delta

252
Q

How long do employees work for Shell in Nigeria?

A

12+ hours in poor conditions

253
Q

Why is pay unfair in Nigeria from Shell?

A

more intensive work - less pay compared to HICs

254
Q

What are the advantages of TNCs to a host country?

A

jobs
charities to help communities
multiplier effect
new technologies introduced
encourage development
pay tax

255
Q

How much has GDP per head increased in Nigeria?

A

from $300 in 2000 to $3000 in 2017
x10 in 17 years

256
Q

How much money has Shell spent in LICs?

A

$12 billion

257
Q

What is the Shell Foundation?

A

helps sustainability and biodiversity in local communities

258
Q

How much oil has been spilt by Shell?

A

500 million gallons
- damage in Niger Delta

259
Q

What did Shell to Ogoni people?

A

remain very poor despite land used for oil exraction

260
Q

What economic disadvantages occur due to TNCs?

A
  • leakage of profits
  • withdraw investment and control refining capacity
261
Q

How do TNCs effect government?

A

control government - want profit and improvements

262
Q

How is Shell ineffective in Nigeria?

A

Nigeria still import petroleum
- oil refineries expensive
- TNCs unwilling to invest
- four refineries only supply 1/4 of country’s needs

263
Q

What was Nigeria a part of?

A

British Empire
- political and trade links remain

264
Q

Nigeria plays a leading role in…

A

…economic planning in African Union

265
Q

How much has China invested in Nigeria for a railway?

A

$12 billion for a 1400 km railway

266
Q

Where do Nigeria’s imports come from?

A

USA
Brazil
China
India
EU

267
Q

Where do Nigeria’s exports go?

A

USA
India
Brazil
EU
Barbados

268
Q

Where are Nigeria’s main exports to?

A

USA 17%
India 11%

269
Q

Where are Nigeria’s main imports from?

A

China 19%
USA 11%

270
Q

What did China agree to in 2014 with Nigeria?

A

$10 billion investment into drilling of new oil fields

271
Q

Why does Nigeria need aid?

A

cycle of debt
terrorism
food supply
diseases

272
Q

What is top down / large scale aid?

A

money given to spend on big projects like new railway line

273
Q

What is short term / emergency aid?

A

lasts short time in response to natural disaster

274
Q

What is aid?

A

help given in form of money, equipment, goods, technology or expertise

275
Q

What is bilateral / conditional / tied aid?

A

aid given with conditions attached

276
Q

What is multilateral aid?

A

money given to World Bank or United Nations to distribute to countries

277
Q

What is long term development aid?

A

given over many years to help country develop

278
Q

What is bottom up / small scale aid?

A

money given by charity to locals to spend on small projects

279
Q

What can bottom up / small scale aid be used for?

A

new well
installing solar panels

280
Q

What is a donor country?

A

country giving aid

281
Q

What is recipient country?

A

country receiving aid

282
Q

How much of Nigerian population live on less than 63p a day?

283
Q

Why is aid not used effectively in Nigeria?

A

corruption in government
- used to supply Navy
donors may have political influence
- use donations to promote themselves

284
Q

What did Nets for Life provide in Nigeria?

A

education on Malaria and mosquito nests

285
Q

What did World Bank provide in Nigeria?

A

funded loans to businesses to diversify economy away from oil

286
Q

What did the UK government provide in Nigeria?

A

HIV programme providing health and education in rural areas

287
Q

What did the UN provide in Nigeria?

A

emergency food to 400,000 people facing starvation in North Nigeria

288
Q

How much money does UK give annually to Nigeria?

A

£300 million

289
Q

How much money does UK give to Nigeria for health annually?

A

£100 million
- training health personnel
- 10 million malaria nets

290
Q

How much money does UK give to Nigeria for water and sanitation annually?

A

£7 million
- 5.5 million using safe water, toilets

291
Q

What type of aid does UK give to Nigeria?

A

bilateral long term aid

292
Q

What type of aid does China give to Nigeria?

A

bilateral tied aid

293
Q

What does China give to Nigeria in terms of weapons?

A

arms equipment

294
Q

What does Nigeria give to China in return for arms equipment?

A

cheap Chinese goods
- unfair competition for Nigerian businesses
- electrical goods caused fires

295
Q

What does China give to Nigeria in terms of infrastructure?

A

$11 billion to improve railway networks

296
Q

What does Nigeria give to China in return for infrastructure investments?

A

supplied PetroChina with 30,000 barrels of oil a day

298
Q

Give an example of bottom up aid in Nigeria

A

Oxfam helps small scale farmers improve productivity and resilience to climate change/natural disasters

299
Q

Give an example of emergency aid in Nigeria

A

UN Refugee Agency and Food Programme helped Nigerians in 2017 after conflict between Boko Haram and government

300
Q

Give an example of long term or development aid in Nigeria

A

UK provided Nigeria with £305 million to help country achieve Millennium Development Goals

301
Q

Give an example of bilateral aid in Nigeria

A

China invested $4 billion in oil and infrastructure
Chinese oil firm contracts in Niger Delta and Chad Basin

302
Q

How does aid benefit Nigeria?

A

combination of bottom up and top down stimulates economic growth through job creation

303
Q

How does aid not benefit Nigeria?

A

high corruption index score and amount of aid varies every year

304
Q

What are the socioeconomic benefits of economic growth?

A

increased life expectancy
reduced poverty
higher incomes
access to healthcare
improved gov finances

305
Q

How many industrial plants are there in Nigeria?

A

5000 industrial plants

306
Q

How many illegal small scale industries are there in Nigeria?

A

10,000 illegal small scale industries

307
Q

What environmental issues have been created as a result of growth of industry?

A
  • pollution of nearby land
  • harmful pollutants in open drains
  • lung problems
308
Q

What challenges have been created by urban growth in Nigeria?

A
  • squatter settlements
  • services overwhelmed
  • waste disposal
  • traffic congestion
  • 70-80% forest logged
309
Q

What are the challenges created by mineral and oil extraction?

A
  • soil erosion
  • polluted water supplies
  • oil spills
  • acid rain and fires
310
Q

Why is economic growth bad for the environment?

A

pollutes water and air because fuels are burnt which release carbon dioxide and particulate matter

311
Q

Why is industry growing bad for the environment?

A

air, water and land pollution

312
Q

Why is urban growth bad for the environment?

A

squatter settlements and overwhelmed services due to rapid urbanisation and overcrowding

313
Q

Why is mineral and oil extraction bad for the environment?

A

local water supplies polluted and oil spills damage marine ecosystems

314
Q

How does quality of life vary across Nigeria?

A

ethnic groups and location

315
Q

How many Nigerians live in poverty?

A

2/3 of Nigerians

316
Q

How has economic growth not benefitted quality of life?

A
  • rural parts like Yobe and Jiagawa still in poverty
  • benefits limited to Lagos and Niger Delta
317
Q

How has economic growth somewhat benefitted quality of life?

A
  • trading and political relationships received $12 billion
  • aid has dealt with malaria
318
Q

How has economic growth majorly benefitted quality of life?

A

HDI increased
growth of tertiary
6000 people directly employed by SHELL

319
Q

What is the population of Nigeria?

A

209 million

AQA Geography (14 decks)

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