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AQA Geography > UK physical landscapes : River Landscapes in the UK > Flashcards

UK physical landscapes : River Landscapes in the UK Flashcards

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1
Q

Define abrasion

A

rocks carried along by river, wearing down bed and banks

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2
Q

Define attrition

A

rocks carried along by river, smashing together into smaller, rounder pieces

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3
Q

Define discharge

A

quantity of water passing point within time period

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4
Q

Define estuary

A

tidal mouth of river where it meets sea

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5
Q

Define gorge

A

narrow, steep sided valley

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6
Q

Define hydraulic action

A

force of river against banks cause air to be trapped in cracks and crevices

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7
Q

Define interlocking spurs

A

series of ridges on alternate sides of valley around river

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8
Q

Define lateral erosion

A

sideways erosion by river on outside meander channel

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9
Q

Define meander

A

pronounced bend in river

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10
Q

Define ox bow lake

A

arc shaped lake cut off from meandering river

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11
Q

Define precipitation

A

moisture falling from atmosphere

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12
Q

Define traction

A

rolling of boulders and pebbles along river bed

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13
Q

Define vertical erosion

A

downward erosion of river bed

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14
Q

Define waterfall

A

sudden descent of river over vertical slope

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15
Q

On a global cycle the hydrological cycle is…

A

…a closed system

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16
Q

What does a closed system mean?

A

nothing can leave or enter system

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17
Q

On a local scale, the hydrological cycle is…

A

…open system

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18
Q

What does an open system mean?

A

inputs and outputs

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19
Q

What is a water table?

A

current upper level of saturate rock where no more water can be absorbed

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20
Q

What is ground water flow?

A

water flowing through rock layer parallel to surface

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21
Q

What is through flow?

A

water flowing through soil layer parallel to surface

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22
Q

What is surface run off?

A

water flowing on top of the groun

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23
Q

What is evaporation?

A

water lost from ground / vegetation surface

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24
Q

What is transpiraiton?

A

water lost through pores in vegetation

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25
Q

What is groundwater storage?

A

water stored in rock

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26
Q

What is percolation?

A

water seeping deeper through rock

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27
Q

What is infiltration?

A

water sinking into soil/rock from ground surface

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28
Q

What is surface storage?

A

water held on ground surface

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29
Q

What is interception?

A

water prevented from reaching surface/ground by trees

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30
Q

What is precipitation?

A

source of moisture reaching ground

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31
Q

How does deforestation affect surface run off?

A

increases speed, less interception

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32
Q

How does urbanisation affect ground water?

A

water cannot be stored, flooding

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33
Q

What is the source?

A

start of river

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34
Q

What is the drainage basin?

A

area of land drained by river and tributaries

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35
Q

What is confluence?

A

where tributary joins to bigger river

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36
Q

What is mouth?

A

end of river

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37
Q

What is watershed?

A

edge of river basin

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38
Q

What is tributary?

A

small stream that joins a larger river

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39
Q

How might the characteristics of a drainage basin vary?

A

size
relief
geology
land use

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40
Q

How many courses of a river are there?

A

3 courses

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41
Q

What are the three courses of a river?

A

upper
middle
lower

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42
Q

How does the long profile of a river change from source to mouth?

A

gradient decreases

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43
Q

What is the river valley like in the upper course?

A

steep
v shaped

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44
Q

What is the river valley like in the middle course?

A

shallow

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45
Q

What is the river valley like in the lower course?

A

flat

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46
Q

What is the river channel like in the upper course?

A

waterfalls

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47
Q

What is the river channel like in the middle course?

A

wider
deeper
meanders

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48
Q

What is the river channel like in the lower course?

A

widest
deepest
most meanders

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49
Q

Which landforms occur in the upper course?

A

interlocking spurs

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50
Q

Which landforms occur in the middle course?

A

meander
ox bow lake

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51
Q

Which landforms occur in the lower course?

A

flood plain
levees
estuary

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52
Q

Give examples of fluvial processes

A

erosion
transportation
deposition

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53
Q

Define erosion

A

wearing away of material

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54
Q

Where is the process of erosion most dominant?

A

upper course

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55
Q

How does erosion occur in the upper course of the river?

A

vertically

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56
Q

Why does erosion occur vertically in the upper course?

A

discharge smallest
rive cutting down to get to sea
rock is most resistant

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57
Q

How does erosion occur in the middle course of the river?

A

laterally

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58
Q

Why does erosion occur laterally in the middle course of the river?

A

material carried by river erodes banks

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59
Q

What processes occur in the middle course?

A

deposition
transportation
erosion

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60
Q

Where is deposition most dominant?

A

lower course

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61
Q

Why is deposition the most dominant in the lower course?

A

losing energy

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62
Q

What does vertical erosion mean?

A

deeper

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63
Q

What does lateral erosion mean?

A

wider

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64
Q

Define solution

A

occurs when water is slightly acidic - dissolves rock

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65
Q

What are the four processes of erosion?

A

hydraulic action
attrition
abrasion
solution

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66
Q

What are the four processes of transportation?

A

traction
saltation
suspension
solution

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67
Q

What is the load?

A

materials carried by river

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68
Q

How does discharge effect load?

A

discharge - more or less load

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69
Q

Define saltation

A

small rocks and particles bounce along river bed

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70
Q

Define suspension

A

fine clay and particles carried along

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71
Q

Define solution

A

minerals dissolve in water - requires little energy

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72
Q

What part of load is dropped first?

A

heaviest

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73
Q

When does deposition occur?

A

flooding
meander
mouth

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74
Q

Why does deposition occur when flooding happens?

A

friction occurs between land - slows river

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75
Q

Why does deposition occur at meanders?

A

loses speed on inside bend

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76
Q

Why does deposition occur at mouth?

A

slows as it hits large body of water

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77
Q

Which landforms occur in the upper course?

A

waterfalls
gorges
v shaped valleys
interlocking spurs

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78
Q

Which landforms occur in the middle course?

A

meanders
ox bow lakes

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79
Q

Which landforms occur in the lower course?

A

levees
flood plain
estuary
mud flat

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80
Q

Which processes occur in the upper course?

A

erosion

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81
Q

What is the load like in the upper course?

A

large
angular

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82
Q

Which processes occur in the middle course?

A

erosion
transportation

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83
Q

What is the load like in the middle course?

A

smaller
rounder

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84
Q

Which processes occur in the lower course?

A

transportation
deposition

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85
Q

What is the load like in the lower course?

A

small
round

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86
Q

How do interlocking spurs form?

A

vertical erosion
- steep sided / v shaped
- lack lateral erosion
- wind round hillsides

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87
Q

Water runs over alternating bands of…

A

…hard and soft rock

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88
Q

Erosion will start to break down through….

A

…..erosional processes

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89
Q

What does hydraulic action wear away?

A

soft rock

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90
Q

Why does hydraulic action wear away the soft rock?

A

less resistant

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91
Q

The soft rocks starts….

A

….to undercut the hard rock

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92
Q

hard rock is left…

A

…unsupported

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93
Q

hard rock collapses….

A

into the river bed

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94
Q

Where does erosion occur when forming a waterfall?

A

upstream

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95
Q

Why is inside bend slower of a meander?

A

it is shallower

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96
Q

Why is the inside bend of a meander shallower?

A

little energy - deposits

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97
Q

What is formed as a result of the deposition?

A

slip off slope

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98
Q

What are the other names for a slip off slope?

A

point bar
river beach

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99
Q

Why is the outside bend of a meander faster?

A

deeper

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100
Q

Why is the outside bend deepr?

A

faster - high energy - hydraulic action / abrasion

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101
Q

Which physical factors affect flooding?

A

geology
saturation
rainfall
land relief
basin size

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102
Q

Which human factors affect flooding?

A

development
climate change
trees
deforestation
agriculture

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103
Q

Define flooding

A

amount of water exceeds - bursts banks

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104
Q

What are the characteristics of an oxbow lake?

A

horseshoe shape
narrow channels
cut off

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105
Q

What shape is an oxbow lake?

A

horseshoe

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106
Q

What is the channel of an oxbow lake like?

A

narrow

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107
Q

How does an oxbow lake form?

A

neck of river broken off

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108
Q

What is the first step in the formation of an oxbow lake?

A
  1. water flows over land, outside bend of river
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109
Q

What is the second step in the formation of an oxbow lake?

A
  1. river erodes the bank
    meander occurs
110
Q

What is the third step in the formation of an oxbow lake?

A
  1. flow on inside bend slows and sediment is deposited
111
Q

What is the fourth step in the formation of an oxbow lake?

A
  1. neck of river grows narrower
112
Q

What is the fifth step in the formation of an oxbow lake?

A
  1. neck of river breaks through, river takes shortest route
113
Q

What is the sixth step in the formation of an oxbow lake?

A
  1. lake sealed off due to deposition
114
Q

Why does an oxbow lake get sealed off?

A

deposition

115
Q

Why does the neck of the river break?

A

river will take shortest route and continue straight

116
Q

Why is their lots of deposition on the inside bend?

A

water moving slower

117
Q

Why does water flow over land and on the outside of the river?

A

less friction

118
Q

What are the characteristics of a levee?

A

vegetation
wide

119
Q

Why does a levee high fertility?

A

deposition of minerals

120
Q

Define levee

A

raised bank formed on banks of river in lower course

121
Q

How does a levee form?

A

when river floods, deposits silt

122
Q

When does a levee form?

A

flooding

123
Q

What part of load is deposited first when forming a levee?

A

heaviest

124
Q

What part of load is deposited last when forming a levee?

A

lightest

125
Q

Why is the heaviest part of load deposited first when forming a levee?

A

not enough energy

126
Q

How does a levee change as flooding becomes more frequent?

A

levees develop more

127
Q

How does flooding affect the river?

A

levees build up
river bed build up

128
Q

Define flood plain

A

area around a large river that is covered in times of flood

129
Q

Describe the characteristics of a flood plain

A

large
flat

130
Q

What processes form a floodplain?

A

deposition
erosion

131
Q

How does a floodplain form?

A

build up of sand, silt and clay formation of flat land either side of river

132
Q

What is the difference between floodplain and levee in terms of characteristics?

A

levee - raised banks
floodplain - large flat area

133
Q

What parts of the load form a levee compared to a floodplain?

A

levee - heaviest
floodplain - lightest

134
Q

What is a floodplain covered by during the flood?

A

excess surface water

135
Q

What shape is an estuary?

A

fan shaped

136
Q

Define estuary

A

where the river meets the sea

137
Q

What is the location of an estuary?

A

coastal

138
Q

How does salinity change down an estuary?

A

increases

139
Q

How does the channel of an estuary change?

A

widens

140
Q

Why does an estuary channel widen?

A

increase capacity

141
Q

Why does salinity increase in an estuary?

A

meeting sea water

142
Q

Why is material deposited at an estuary?

A

sea and river meet
tidal processes begin
slows down / lose energy

143
Q

What causes material to be deposited in an estuary?

A

tidal processes begin

144
Q

How does agriculture affect flooding?

A

ploughing
cattle farming

145
Q

How does cattle farming affect flooding?

A

trampling
reduces infiltration of soil

146
Q

How does ploughing affect flooding?

A

directs surface water

147
Q

How does farming affect flooding?

A

loss of top soil
-> sedimentation

148
Q

How does climate change affect flooding?

A

changes rainfall
increases storms

149
Q

What does anthropogenic mean?

A

human induced

150
Q

How does urbanisation affect flooding?

A

land useH

151
Q

How does concrete and tarmac affect flooding?

A

decreases infiltration
increases surface run off

152
Q

What affect does decreasing infiltration have?

A

increases surface run off

153
Q

What does an increase in surface run off cause?

A

flooding

154
Q

How does deforestation affect flooding?

A

decrease in interception

155
Q

Why does deforestation cause a decrease in interception?

A

parched ground (no shade)

156
Q

Define flooding

A

amount of water in river exceeds, causing bursting of banks

157
Q

Define discharge

A

volume of water flowing through river channel CUMECS

158
Q

Why does flooding increase due to urbanisation?

A

impermeable tarmac

159
Q

Why does flooding increase due to agriculture?

A

soil left exposed
increase surface run off

160
Q

Why does flooding increase due to deforestation?

A

reduced uptake

161
Q

Why does flooding increase due to geology/rock type?

A

impermeable
surface run off increases

162
Q

Why does flooding increase due to basin size?

A

small - unable to carry water - overflow

163
Q

Why does flooding increase due to soil saturation?

A

over saturated
increases surface run off

164
Q

Why does flooding increase due to relief?

A

steep - water moves quickly
- more water enters

165
Q

Why does flooding increase due to precipitation?

A

flash floods

166
Q

What is the key factor that leads to flooding?

A

physical

167
Q

Which physical factor affect flooding the most?

A

precipitation

168
Q

Why does precipitation affect flooding the most?

A

intensity
duration
frequency

169
Q

How do human factors exacerbate flood risk?

A

urbanisation
deforestation
agriculture

170
Q

What is discharge measured in?

A

cumecs
m3/s

171
Q

Name the parts of a hydrograph

A

falling limb
rising limb
lag time
peak discharge
ground water flow
baseflow

172
Q

What does a hydrograph show?

A

relationship between precipitation and discharge

173
Q

What is the lag time on a hydrograph?

A

number of hours between peak discharge and peak rainfall

174
Q

Give the human factors affecting river discharge

A

urbanisation
agriculture

175
Q

Give the physical factors affecting river discharge

A

relief
geology
precipitation

176
Q

Why do rivers need to be managed?

A

flooding
erosion

177
Q

Give examples of hard engineering?

A

dams
reservoirs
straightening
embankments
flood relief channels

178
Q

Dams and reservoirs are example of what?

A

hard engineering

179
Q

Straightening and embankments are example of what?

A

hard engineering

180
Q

Flood relief channels are examples of what?

A

hard engineering?

181
Q

What is hard engineering?

A

building artificial structures to control river

182
Q

What is soft engineering?

A

working with environment to control river

183
Q

Give examples of soft engineering

A

flood warnings
preparation
flood plain zoning
planting tress
river restoration

184
Q

Flood warnings and preparation are examples of what?

A

soft engineering

185
Q

Flood plain zoning is an example of what?

A

soft engineering

186
Q

Planting trees and river restoration are examples of what?

A

soft engineering

187
Q

What is a dam?

A

large concrete barrier built across river to hold back flow

188
Q

What affect does a dam have on the valley behind it?

A

valley behind floods and forms a reservoir

189
Q

How is water released from a dam?

A

controlled amounts

190
Q

How does a dam prevent flooding?

A

water controlled and released in monitored amounts

191
Q

What are the economic and social benefits of a dam?

A

hydroelectric power
drinking water
tourism

192
Q

What are the environmental benefits of a dam?

A

new wetland habitats
controls discharge

193
Q

What are the economic disadvantages of a dam?

A

expensive to make
displacement costs

194
Q

What are the environmental disadvantages of a dam?

A

habitats / migration disrupted
reservoir silts up - decreases capacity

195
Q

What is channel straightening?

A

meandering section of river is straightened

196
Q

How does channel straightening change the channel?

A

widened, straightened, deepened

197
Q

How does channel straightening prevent flooding?

A

river carries more water
water moves faster

198
Q

Where does channel straightening occur?

A

low lying areas
high risk from flooding

199
Q

What are the social benefits of channel straightening?

A

navigation increases

200
Q

What are the economic benefits of channel straightening?

A

insurance premiums reduced

201
Q

What are the economic disadvantages of channel straightening?

A

expensive to do
maintenance required

202
Q

What are the social disadvantages of channel straightening?

A

unattractive and unnatural

203
Q

What are the environmental disadvantages of channel straightening?

A

habitats destroyed
increased flooding downstream

204
Q

What are embankments?

A

raised river banks

205
Q

How do embankments reduce flooding?

A

more water contained inside channel

206
Q

How is an embankment made?

A

bulldozers move large mounds of impermeable soil on to river banks

207
Q

What are the social advantages of embankments?

A

walkways created
increased capacity

208
Q

What are the environmental advantages of embankments?

A

habitats created

209
Q

What are the economic disadvantages of embankments?

A

expensive

210
Q

What are the environmental disadvantages of embankments?

A

increases severity of flooding if it fails

211
Q

What are the social disadvantages of embankments?

A

increases severity of flooding if it fails
unattractive and unnatural

212
Q

What is a flood relief channel?

A

another channel built to deliberately move water away from human settlements during times of high discharge

213
Q

When is a flood relief channel used?

A

times of high discharge

214
Q

Where do flood relief channels aim to protect?

A

human settlements

215
Q

What are the social and economic benefits of a flood relief channel?

A

reduced flooding
recreating
insurance premiums reduced

216
Q

What are the social and economic disadvantages of a flood relief channel?

A

costly
regular maintenance
habitat destroyed
unattractive and unnatural

217
Q

What is flood watch?

A

flooding of low lying land and road expected

218
Q

What is flood warning?

A

threat to homes and businesses

219
Q

What is a severe flood warning?

A

extreme danger to life and property expected

220
Q

How should people respond to a flood watch?

A

prepare and watch river levels

221
Q

How should people respond to a flood warning?

A

move valuable items to upper floors and turn off electric and water

222
Q

How should people respond to a severe flood warning?

A

leave property

223
Q

What are the economic disadvantages of flood warning?

A

monitoring equipment

224
Q

What are the social disadvantages of flood warnings?

A

people may not respond appropriately

225
Q

What are the social benefits of flood warnings?

A

help people prepare
sustainable
ensures safety

226
Q

How are flood warnings sustainable?

A

recognises that flooding is a natural event - people must live with it

227
Q

What are the economic disadvantages to floodplain zoning?

A

restricts economic development

228
Q

How does floodplain zoning restrict economic development?

A

land uses are prohibited

229
Q

What are the social disadvantages of floodplain zoning?

A

hard to implement if urban settlement already developed
housing shortages continue

230
Q

What are the environmental disadvantages of floodplain zoning?

A

habitats destroyed

231
Q

What are the economic advantages of floodplain zoning?

A

low cost - planning regulations
reduces insurances costs

232
Q

What are the environmental benefits of floodplain zoning?

A

reduces impermeable surface coverage
protects water meadows and conserves wildlife

233
Q

What is tree planting?

A

afforestation

234
Q

How does afforestation reduce flooding?

A

increases interception and uptake

235
Q

How does floodplain zoning reduce flooding?

A

restricts land use

236
Q

How does flood warning reduce flooding?

A

reduces affects of flooding

237
Q

How does river restoration reduce flooding?

A

restores channels to meandering

238
Q

What are the environmental disadvantages of afforestation?

A

reduce habitat diversity
increased soil acidity

239
Q

What are the social and economic disadvantages of afforestation?

A

loss of farm land

240
Q

What are the environmental benefits of afforestation?

A

creates habitats
natural method
absorbs carbon

241
Q

What are the economic benefits of afforestation?

A

relatively inexpensive

242
Q

What are the social and economic disadvantages to river restoration?

A

expensive to construct and maintain
changes land use
small scale flooding occurs - inconvenience

243
Q

What are the environmental benefits to river restoration?

A

recreates natural attractive fluvial environment
restores wetland
increases biodiversity

244
Q

What counties surrounded the Jubilee River flood-relief channel?

A

Buckinghamshire
Oxfordshire
Berkshire

245
Q

Which direction does the Jubilee River flow?

A

West

246
Q

What is the source of the Jubilee River?

A

River Thames

247
Q

What towns does the Jubilee River flow through?

A

Maidenhead
Eton
Old Windsor
Wraybury

248
Q

What was the cost of the Jubilee River?

A

£110 million

249
Q

What is the length of the Jubilee River?

A

11.7 km

250
Q

What was the cost of repairing the channel after an episode of flooding?

A

£680,000

251
Q

Which year was the Jubilee River completed?

A

2002

252
Q

What is the width of the Jubilee River?

A

50m

253
Q

Which year was the worst for flooding of the Thames since 1947?

A

2014

254
Q

How many homes did the Jubilee River protect?

A

3,200 homes

255
Q

What does the Jubilee River act as for the River Thames?

A

relief channel

256
Q

Give an example of a flood management scheme in the UK

A

Jubilee River

257
Q

What is the Jubilee River an example of?

A

flood relief channel

258
Q

What type of engineering strategy is the Jubilee River?

A

hard engineering

259
Q

What was the business insurance cost in 2014 for Wraysbury?

A

£500 million

260
Q

What effect did the increase in insurance costs have on current insurance premiums?

A

increased the current insurance premiums

261
Q

How many properties were protected in the affluent areas?

A

3,000 properties

262
Q

What are the affluent areas surrounding the Jubilee River?

A

Eton
Windsor

263
Q

How many properties were protected in less affluent areas surrounding the Jubilee River?

A

less than 3,000 properties

264
Q

What does the Thames now experience due to the merging of the channels upstream?

A

higher discharge

265
Q

What causes the Thames to experience higher discharge?

A

merging of channels upstream

266
Q

What problem did the merging of the channels upstream lead to?

A

extreme floods in 2014

267
Q

List the socioeconomic disadvantages of the Jubilee River

A
  • insurance costs
  • affluent properties
  • flood relief
268
Q

List the environmental disadvantages of the Jubilee River

A
  • higher discharge
  • algae
  • eyesore
269
Q

Why are the weirs of the Jubilee River an eyesore?

A

ugly- under normal flow conditions

270
Q

Why does algae collect behind the weirs of the Jubilee River?

A

flow of water is stopped / slowed

AQA Geography (9 decks)

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