Challenges of Resource Management (Food) Flashcards
Define food security
reasonable amount of food for population
Define food insecurity
not enough food for population for healthy diet
How does global population growth affect global demand for food?
more people means more food needed
How does economic development affect global demand for food?
access to better quality food
How much is the annual % increase in Africa per year?
2.51% population increase
How much did Chinese calorific intake increase between 1981 and 2011?
2,100 to 3,000 calories
What is sustainable food?
all people have sufficient access to safe and healthy food
What is food loss?
deterioration of food prior to reaching consumer
What is food waste?
thrown away by consumer, gone off or not used
What is undernourishment?
lack of sufficient calories and nutrients
How much of world’s population suffered from undernourishment between 2014-2016?
one in nine, 795 million
How many people suffering from undernourishment lived in LICs?
780 million
How does climate affect food supply?
temperature and growing season
- drought + desertification
Give an example of issues with food supply caused by climate
Somalia and Ethiopia
between 2011 and 2012
How does technology affect food supply?
easier process - increases production
Give examples of improved infrastructure in farming that increases food supply
combine harvesters
irrigation systems
road networks
How does pests and disease affect food supply?
interventions unaffordable in LICs
Give examples of pests and diseases that affect food supply
mice and rats
locusts and slugs
foot and mouth
bovine pleuropneumonia
How do HICs combat pests and diseases?
pesticides
insecticides
fungicides
natural pest remedies
How does water stress affect food supply?
cannot water crops
- cannot provide for population
How do HICs combat water stress?
irrigation systems
How does conflict affect food supply?
farms unattended
weapon - stolen/destroyed
Give examples of food supply affected by conflict
Syria and Sudan
How does poverty affect food supply?
physically weaker - less productive
susceptible to disease
tools unaffordable
What are the physical factors affecting food supply?
climate
water stress
pests and disease
What are the human factors affecting food supply?
poverty
conflict
technology improvements
What are the social impacts of food insecurity?
famine
undernutrition
social unrest
Give example of a famine caused by food insecurity
260,000 people died between 2010 and 2012 in Somalia
What does undernutrition cause?
development problems
How has undernutrition caused development problems?
40% of children under 5 have development problems in Sub Saharan Africa
How many children under 5 have development problems in Sub Saharan Africa?
40% of children
How does food insecurity lead to social unrest?
riots
civil wars
Give example of social unrest caused by food insecurity
Venezuelan food shortages led to protests, looting and riots between 2016 and 2019
When did food shortages cause social unrest in Venezuela?
between 2016 and 2019
What are economic impacts of food insecurity?
rising prices
inflation
What effect do rising prices have on food insecurity in LICs?
rising prices ruins food insecurity in LICs
Why does food insecurity cause rising prices?
demand exceeds supply
How does food insecurity cause soil erosion?
struggling to produce food may not use best agricultural pactices
How is soil erosion caused by incorrect agricultural practices?
over cultivation and overgrazing
soil exposed to wind and rain
What are the impacts of food insecurity?
larger proportion of income on food
undernutrition
food riots
fertilisers/animal feed/food storage/transport prices rise
What are the causes of food insecurity?
ban food exports - low supplies elsewhere
poor grain harvests
How many people worldwide are effected by undernutrition?
805 million in South Asia and Sub Saharan Africa
Give an example of a food riot
5 day food riot in Algeria in 2011
What caused the food riot in 2011 in Algeria?
price of cooking oil and flour doubled
What factors affect severity of food insecurity?
location
economic
social
environmental
time period
What is irrigation?
artificially watering land
How is water extracted for irrigation?
water from rivers, underground stores or building dams
What are the advantages of irrigation?
increases production, crop yield and income
What are the challenges of irrigaiton?
forced relocation
waterlogged soil
water scarcity
cost
What are aeroponics?
plants grown in air
What are aeroponics sprayed with?
fine mist containing nutrients
What are the advantages of aeroponics?
increased yields
less water/nutrients needed
less space used
What are the challenges of aeroponics?
cost
specialist knowledge
What are hydroponics?
plants grown in water
What type of water are hydroponics grown in?
nutrient rich water
What are the advantages of hydroponics?
more nutrients provided
less space used
increased yields
What are the challenges of hydroponics?
specialists knowledge needed
cost
What is the green revolution?
modern technology used focusing on sustainability and community
What are the advantages of green revolution?
increased yields
What are the disadvantages of green revolution?
crop yields not increasing with population
What is biotechnology?
living organisms used to modify products for higher yields
What are the advantages of biotechnology?
increased vitamins in products
drought resistance
improved flavour
What are the disadvantages of biotechnology?
concerning health effects
What is appropriate technology?
skills or materials available to increase output without reducing employment
What are the advantages of appropriate technology?
increases yields
What are the disadvantages of appropriate technology?
specialist skills for repair
Give an example of biotechnology
Impossible Burger
What are the advantages of the Impossible Burger?
does not kill animals
- less animals needed
- less methane
What are the disadvantages of the Impossible Burger?
controversial method
What are the characteristics of Almeria?
desert - no use for land
Where is Almeria?
Southern Spain
Why is Almeria so advantageous for farmers?
optimum temperature and humidity
reduction in pests/pesticides
longer growing season
How much of land is covered by Almeria farmland?
26,000 hectares
How much fruit and vegetables is produced in Almeria?
50% of Europe’s vegetables and fruit
What is the average temperature in Almeria?
20 degrees Celsius
How much sun does Almeria receive per year?
3,000 hours per year of sunshine
How are plants grown in Almeria?
hydroponics
What are greenhouses made of in Almeria?
sustainable plastic
How has Almeria farmland expanded?
covered plain of Dalias
now valley near Alpurjarra Hills
How is increased land coverage a challenge for Spain?
previously unspoilt area of Spain
What does Almeria farmland provide for the UK?
lettuce
melons
courgettes
cucumbers
Where does funding for Almeria come from?
European Union and Spanish Government
Where does labour for Almeria come from?
immigrant
How does immigrant labour benefit farmers in Almeria?
immigrant labour is cheap
How much does Almeria farmland contribute to Spanish economy?
$1.5 billion annually
What is rainfall in Almeria like?
200mm a year - arid conditions
How is rainfall a potential issue for Almeria?
arid conditions
Who owns greenhouses in Almeria?
mixture of large businesses and individual farmers
Where do workers in Almeria come from?
North Africa, Eastern Europe, Central America
How does immigrant labour create economic opportunities?
costs low
multiplier effect
When did a new desalination plant open?
2009
How did the new desalination plant create economic opportunities?
supplies 60,000 cubic metres per day
- increased yields
What is happening to underground water sources?
drying up
What does the white surface of the greenhouses create?
albedo effect
What does albedo effect cause?
cooling of an area
What environmental challenge created by albedo effect?
Almeria dropped by 0.3 degrees Celsius since 1983
- rest has increased by 1-3 degrees Celsius
What are the social challenges created by immigrant labour?
low wages - poor conditions
conflict between different groups
What is a positive caused by UK regulations?
reduced level of chemicals and raised production standards
What is an environmental opportunity created by use of hydroponics?
advancement of hydroponics
- less water used to drip irrigation
How do warm conditions create economic opportunities?
low energy costs
- year round conditions
How has Almeria affected surrounding environment?
large amounts of plastic and litter created
What can factories nearby do with plastic?
create and reuse
- gain income
How much are workers paid per day?
between 33 and 36 euros
How many workers lack rights?
100,00 workers
What do many farms lack?
toilets
What are women forced to do?
prosititution
How large is Europe’s winter market garden?
135 square miles
Give examples of countries where immigrant workers are from
Mali
Colombia
Ukraine
What is permaculture?
recreating natural ecosystems
What does permaculture aim to protect?
soil
insects
wildlife
What is food production like in permaculture?
low maintenance
Why is permaculture low maintenance?
for healthy soils
Give examples of permaculture
mixed cropping
natural predators
What is mixed cropping?
plants of different heights and species grown together
What is the advantage of mixed cropping?
space and light used better
fewer pests and diseases
less watering
Give examples of natural predators
frogs used to control slugs
What is the advantage of natural predators?
reduces need for pesticides
What is organic farming?
using natural processes to return nutrients to soil
Give examples of organic farming
crop/animal rotation
natural pesticides
What is the benefit of cow manure and crop rotation?
less damaging to environment
How does organic farming treat animals and crops?
no pesticides/herbicides
no supplements
What does organic farming protect?
biodiversity
What do organic farmers aim to reduce?
food miles
What is urban farming initiatives?
using empty land, roof tops and balconies to grow crops and animals
Give an example of urban farming initiatives
allotments
What are the advantages of urban farming initiatives?
locally available
fresher food
more nutritious
cheaper
What effect do urban farming initiatives have on residents?
increases food security
How do urban farming initiatives improve cities?
adds greenery
- healthier
- attractive
What do urban farming initiatives reduce?
dependency on industrial agriculture
Why are species of fish at risk?
over fishing
What has caused overfishing?
increased consumption
What is sustainable fishing?
catch quotas
labelling products
What is the benefit of catch quotas?
limits amount of fish taken
fishing methods less harmful
What is the benefit of labelling fish products?
allows consumers to choose sustainably fished fish
How is raising animas negative for the environment?
forest cleared
methane produced
How can meat production become sustainable?
locally sourced food
added seaweed
all edible parts
What is the benefit of locally sourced feed for animals?
reduced food miles
What is the benefit of added seaweed for animals?
reduced methane emissions
What is the benefit of eating all edible parts of animals?
reduced food waste
What do people in HICs expect?
year round produce
What is the negative impact of year round produce?
import costs
food miles - carbon footprint
What is the benefit of seasonal food consumption?
reduces food imports
What does eating seasonally mean?
only eating locally produced food grown at that time of year
How much food is wasted globally?
one third of food
How can food waste be reduced?
planning meals
recipes for leftovers
distributing waste food to those in need
What is the population of Bangladesh?
156 million
What is the population of Jamalpur?
2.29 million
What is the GDP of Bangladesh?
$3600
What is the percentage of population working in agriculture in Jamalpur?
65.5% in agriculture
How many people live on less than $2 a day in Jamalpur?
31.5% in poverty
How many people have access to clean water in Jamalpur?
86.9% with access to clean water
What is the life expectancy in Jamalpur?
73.2 years life expectancy
What is the literacy rate in Bangladesh?
61.5% literacy rate
What is the literacy rate in Jamalpur?
38.4% literacy rate
How many people are there per doctor in Jamalpur?
3,255 people per doctor
Where is Jamalpur?
North Bangladesh
What is the physical geography of Jamalpur like?
3 major river tributaries
What is the human geography of Jamalpur like?
high population density
What did Practical Action aim to do in Bangladesh?
improve food and nutritional security of resource poor farmers in Jamalpur
How many resource-poor farm families did Practical Action work with?
7,500 resource poor farm families
How many villages did Practical Action work with?
79 villages
How many NGOs did Practical Action work with in Bangladesh?
10 NGOs
What did farmers struggle with?
finding food
Why did farmers struggle with finding food?
could only farm for five months
What affect did lacking food have on farmers?
children could not go to school
When did Practical Action introduce rice-fish culture?
2006
What did farmers learn from Practical Action?
choose flood resistant rice
protect fish in fields
What rice-fish culture enable farmers to do?
sell excess for profits
How much could farmers sell fish for?
£195
How much could farmers sell rice for?
£135
What did the help of Practical Action enable farmers to do?
send children to school
farm better - profit
How much did protein and nutritious food consumption increase by in Jamalpur?
increased 2-3 times
What occurred that meant improvement in child health improved?
food diversification
How long were target families able to feed themselves for?
longer than 11 months
How many households had food provisioning for 9-12 months?
90% of houses
How much did average annual household income increase by?
4 fold increase in household income
How much did emigration decrease by?
reduced by 50%
Is rice-fish agriculture / approach of Practical Action suitable for all countries?
only suitable for LICs
with high rainfall / flooding
Why is rice-fish agriculture suitable for Jamalpur?
high flooding
cost effective
What does rice-fish strategy mean for economy?
disposable income
- multiplier effect
- education - jobs
