Changing Economic World : United Kingdom Flashcards
Define deindustrialization
decline of a country’s traditional manufacturing industry due to exhaustion of raw materials, loss of markets and competition from NEEs
Define commonwealth
53 independent countries and sovereign states, mostly former territories of British Empire
Define European Union
international organisation of 28 European countries, formed to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation
Define globalisation
more connected to world which increase trade, tourism and migration
Define industrial structure
proportion of workforce in different sectors
Define north south divide
economic and cultural differences between Southern England and Northern England
What differences are there in the north south divide?
health conditions
house prices
earnings
political influence
Define tertiary industires
economic activities that provide services
Define trade
buying and selling of goods and services between countries
Define government policy
plan or course of action for country decided by government
Define quaternary industry
providing information services like research and computing
Define primary industry
extracting raw materials
Define secondary industry
processing raw materials to produce manufactured goods
What has caused economic change in UK?
- government policies
- deindustrialization
- decline in primary and secondary
- increase in tertiary and quaternary
- globalisation
- decline of traditional industrial base
What has caused deindustrialisation?
increasing cost of production
globalization
declining investment
changing government policies
cycle of decline
competition for tertiary due to education
What caused deindustrialisation in the UK?
government policy privatised coal mining and steel
When did deindustrialisation occur in the UK?
1980s onwards
How many coal mines shut in the UK due to deindustrialisation?
30,000 coal mines closed
How many jobs were lost in Port Talbort in Wales?
15,700 jobs lost
- due to cheap Chinese imports
Why were jobs lost in Port Talbort?
globalisation
- cheap Chinese imports
What was the effect of deindustrialisation in the UK?
low incomes + de-multiplier effect
Give examples of UK suffering deprivation due to loss of jobs in industry
inland Cornwall
Sunderland
What industries occurred in Northeast coalfields before deindustrialisation?
coal mining
ship building
iron and steel
chemicals
Which parts of UK have been most effected by deindustrialisation?
North east
Why were North east coal fields suited to industry?
costal
rivers
coal fields
relatively close together
What does ICI stand for?
Imperial Chemical Industry
Outline the features of coal mining in the North east
- mines deep underground £££
- demand declined after 1945
- 100 coal mines closed 1950 to 1970
Outline the features of chemicals in the North east
- ICI in Middleborough closed
- used local coal
- made plastics and agricultural fertilisers
Outline the features of shipbuilding in the North east
- ship yards closed down
- Tyne Wear, Newcastle, Sunderland
- South Korea and China
Outline the features of iron and steel in the North east
- shipbuilding industry
- coal, limestone, iron supplies
- demand fell as shipyards closed
- last closed in 2015
How has globalisation positively impacted the UK?
- economic growth
- high value production
- foreign investment
- migration
How is economic growth a benefit for the UK?
trade with rest of the world creates multiplier effect
- creates dependency on other economies…
How is high value production a benefit for the UK?
UK specialises in high value manufacturing and services
- workers paid better so UK earns more
How is migration a benefit for the UK?
migrants come to UK to fill jobs
- shortage of skilled workers
How is foreign investment a benefit for the UK?
foreign companies invest, bring new ideas, tech and jobs
What are the negative impacts of globalisation for the UK?
- cheaper goods and services
- outsourcing jobs
- less manufacturing
- inequality
How are cheaper goods and services a disadvantage?
produced in places with lower wages than UK
How is outsourcing jobs a disadvantage for the UK?
loss of jobs or loWer wages for those still in the UK
How is less manufacturing a disadvantage for the UK?
more imports - less produced in UK - factories close - jobs lost
How is inequality a disadvantage for the UK?
gap for pay between low skilled and high skilled is increasing
- hard for low skilled to negotiate due to jobs outsourced
Give examples of deindustrialisation in the UK that has caused economic change
- mechanisation
- factories shut down
- iron ore and coal less available
- arms manufacture and coal polluted environment
- farming low paid ; unlikely job
Why has farming become an unlikely occupation?
£9000 a year or less for farmers
- unlikely for high educated and skilled workforce
Give examples of government policy in the UK that has caused economic change
- privatisation
- fishing limited by EU quotas
- investment into research and development
- strict laws against industrial pollution
How much money did UK invest into high tech research and development in 2015?
£5 billion into high tech research and development
Define post industrial economy
economy of country where employment is in service industries
What is UK’s economy based on?
knowledge economy
tertiary/quaternary economy
Give 5 examples of businesses in the knowledge economy
information technology
science industries
Finance
Research
science and business parks
What are the common characteristics of the industries of knowledge economy
- footloose
- close to transport routes
- human resource dependent
- more sustainable
- agglomeration ; group together
What does footloose business mean?
locate wherever - demand for jobs
Why are industries in post industry economy near transport routes?
access for customers and employees
What does dependent on human resources mean?
need people’s skills and ideas
- highly educated workforce required
What does agglomeration of industries allow?
ideas exchanged
land and resources shared
economies of scale
Define growth corridor
economy growing along major transport route linking two or more cities
What allows future growth in a city?
- quaternary industries
- highly skilled workforce
- start up businesses
- transport connections
- growing economy
Why are growth corridors linear?
follow transport routes
- links together and provides access which attracts employees
Give details of the M4 corridor
- London to Bristol
- business parks
- close to countryside
- railway / Heathrow
- universities
- cheaper land and rent
- 8% economic output
How much economic output does M4 corridor create?
8% economic output
Where is Cambridge Science Park located?
M11, connected to London
close to London and Stanstead airport
What is Cambridge Science Park?
hub for hi-tech industry
How many bio-tech companies are there at CSP?
1500 bio-tech companies
How many employees does CSP have?
7250 employees
What does CSP have?
open greenspace
How far is CSP from Stanstead airport?
40 km from Stanstead airport
How many companies does CSP have from Cambridge?
61% from Cambridge
How many companies does CSP have internationally?
30% international companies
What does international companies at CSP seek?
access to graduates and entrepreneurs from Cambridge
When was the CSP set up?
1970
What are the benefits to CSP?
- health facilities ; Adenbrooke hospital
- investment into local transport
- world leader in medical investment ; investment
- indirect jobs created ; security, cafe, cleaners
What are the disadvantages to CSP?
- house prices rising
- traffic congestion
- rail and road cannot match demand
Give an example of a company at CSP
Abcam
- research into cancer, metabolism and antibodies
- sells 100,000 antibodies products in 140 countries
Why have companies clustered together at CSP?
- highly skilled workers
- high quality of life
- share expertise
- share equipment £££
- research need input from multiple companies
What is changing at CSP?
opening heart and lung specialist hospital
What has been invested into CSP?
£46 million into biomedical centre
How many biomedical companies does CSP have?
34 biomedical companies
How many companies are involved in research and development of therapeutics?
12 companies
Give examples of primary industries
mining
quarrying
farming
fishing
forestry
Why is limestone so important in UK?
construction industry for building and concrete
Give an example of Secondary industry in the UK
Nissan : Qashqai
Give examples of environmental impacts from industry
- sulphur and nitrogen oxides released
- scarred landscape / destroyed habitats
- transport creates air / noise pollution
- chemicals pollute water systems
- fossil fuels climate change
- waste to landfill
Define sustainability
development that meets needs of present without limiting ability of future generations to meet own needs
What are the positives of Torr Quarry?
100 jobs created
£15 million local economy
landscape restored
What are the negatives of Torr Quarry?
noise pollution
local roads impacted
wildlife destroyed
water pollution
Where is Torr Quarry?
Somerset
How much of site at Torr Quarry has been made to blend in with landscape?
60 acres
- grass and trees planted
- wildlife lakes created for recreation
How is limestone transported from Torr Quarry?
rail rather than road
- Mendip Rail network
What is monitored regularly at Torr Quarry?
noise
vibration
dust
water
When was a decision made about extraction?
2010
- deepen rather than widen quarry
How is planting grass and trees sustainable at Torr Quarry?
encourages biodiversity
makes land attractive to locals
natural habitats
How is rail transport sustainable at Torr Quarry?
less road traffic congestion
less carbon dioxide
creates jobs
How is regular monitoring sustainable at Torr Quarry?
prevents pollution
reduces impact on locals
How is deepening extraction sustainable at Torr Quarry?
takes place without further spoiling
protects greenfield sites and habitats
What is a village?
rural area with less than 10,000 people
What are possible rural challenges?
low paid work
isolation
lack of jobs
lack of recreation
lack of public transport
inaccessibility
lack of good housing stock
What are possible rural opportunities?
income from farming
fresh air
work from home
tourism
high environmental quality
Which rural area is seeing population growth in the UK?
South Cambridgeshire
Why is South Cambridgeshire seeing rural growth?
migration from Cambridge, UK and Eastern Europe
What are some negative impacts in South Camrbridgeshire?
- lack of affordable housing
- reduction in agri development
- breakdown in community spirit
- high petrol prices
- 80% car ownership ; traffic congestion
What cause breakdown in community spirit in rural areas?
modern developments and gentrification
Which rural area is seeing population decline?
Outer Hebredies
Why are Outer Hebredies experiencing population decline?
outward migration due to limited opportunities
What are the negative impacts of population decrease in Outer Hebredies?
- school children decrease
- fewer working age
- more ageing population
- fishing reduced
How much has fishing reduced by in Outer Hebredies?
900 to almost 0
When did government announce scheme for road improvements?
2014
- announced £15 billion road investment
What was the government scheme for road improvements?
$15 billion
- 100 new road schemes
- 1300 new lane miles added to motorways
- extra lanes on motorways
- smart motorways
What is the importance of UK seaports?
32 million annual passengers
120,000 employees
Why are UK seaports important?
- largest in Europe
- coastline / trading history
- passenger ferries / cargo
- Dover for freight
- Felixstowe for containers
How is the government investing in seaports?
Liverpool - £300 million for new container terminal
How will investment benefit Liverpool port?
double capacity
create 1000s of jobs
boost NW economy
reduce road freight
What are the Government’s plans for railway improvements?
- Electrification of Trans-Pennine Way
- Electrification of Midland mainline
- HS2
What is the importance of UK airports?
- 300,000 employees
- 2 million tonnes freight
- 750,000 international flights annually
How did the Government plan on improving UK air travel?
third runway at Heathrow
What is the importance of Gatwick?
73 million passengers
76,000 employees
Why is developing UK ports important?
international trade can occur
jobs created
Why is developing UK railways important?
increases transport of goods
increases travel options
jobs created
Why is developing roads important?
increases travel options
increases job opportunities
increases transport of goods
jobs created
Why is developing airports important?
international trade
increases travel options
jobs created
increased transport of goods
What is the north south divide?
disparities between London and the South East with the rest of the UK
Give examples of disparities in the North South divide
differences in house prices, job creation, life expectancy and income
What developed in the North of England during the Industrial Revolution?
UK’s growth focused on coalfields of North and Scotland
Give examples of cities where heavy industries and engineering thrived
Liverpool
Manchester
Sheffield
Glasgow
When did industry begin to decline in the UK?
1970s due to loss of resources or competition abroad
- unemployment
What has the government encouraged to resolve regional differences?
local manufacturing plants
Give examples of local manufacturing plants
Mitsubishi - Edinburgh 1975
Nissan - Tyne and Wear 1984
How do local manufacturing plans resolve regional differences?
provides jobs to replace low skilled manual jobs lost in deindustrialisation
Give examples of transport improvements to resolve regional differences
HS2
rail electrification
port development
Liverpool2 Dock
What is an enterprise zone?
government incentives such as discounted rates, provisions of super fast broadband and simplified planning regulations
Give an example of an enterprise zone
Greater Manchester
How does an enterprise zone resolve regional differences?
provides jobs to replace low skilled manual jobs lost in deindustrialisation
What are local enterprise partnerships?
partnership between local authorities and businesses to boost local economy
Give an example of local enterprise partnerships
Lancashire
How does a local enterprise partnership resolve regional differences?
provides jobs to replace low skilled manual jobs lost in deindustrialisation
How is the UK building a Northern Power house?
boosting local economy by investing in skills, innovation, transport and culture
What has been introduced to resolve regional differences?
mayors to ensure decisions about the North are made by the North
What are the core cities of the Northern Powerhouse?
Liverpool
Leeds
Manchester
Sheffield
Hull
Newcastle
What are the proposals to make a Northern Hemisphere?
- improve transport links
- invest in science and innovation
- devolve power of government
What is devolution?
localised authorities making decisions
How does devolution resolve regional differences?
gives power to local authorities to make spending decisions so they can invest money directly where it is needed
How much has the Mayor of Greater Manchester been given?
£1 billion of devolved funds to improve city and attract new businesses
When did BBC build MediaCityUK in Manchester?
2011 built MediaCityUK
How much did British Empire cover at its peak?
third of world’s land area
What organisations is UK part of?
G8, UN, Nato
What are the UK’s links with the wider world?
trade
transport
culture
electric communications
Where do UK’s trade exports and imports go?
imports - Germany
exports - USA
What is UK’s role in international trading?
internet is increasingly important
- financial and creative sectors
How does the UK trade?
sea
air
road
rail
How much does UK television produce a year?
£1.25 billion a year
What are popular exports from UK from television?
Dr Who
Sherlock
Downtown Abbey
How do migrants contribute to UK’s culture?
food
fashion
music
festivals
film
How is UK linked to the wider world through transport?
Southampton
Dover
Heathrow
Gatwick
HSI
Eurostar
How is UK linked with world through electric communications?
- global network of submarine cables linking Europe and USA
- 99% of internet traffic
What is the Arctic fibre project?
15000 km of cables linking London with Tokyo
When did the UK leave the EU?
31/01/2020
How did the UK benefit from being in the EU?
‘free market’
European Structural Fund
immigrant workers unskilled
Single Payment Scheme
What is the ‘free market’?
goods, services, capital and labour move freely between countries of EU
How many countries are there in the EU?
27 countries
How many countries are there in the Commonwealth?
56 countries
What are the aims of the Commonwealth?
provide support to individual countries
encourage co-operation
meet every 2 years
How does the Commonwealth benefit for the UK?
cultural links
trade and business links
Commonwealth Games
How will HS2 help bridge North South divide?
grows industries in North
- 70% jobs created outside London
How will HS2 not help bridge North South divide?
similar projects in France, Spain and South Korea benefit capitals more
How will HS2 be economically efficient?
£50bn invested annually anyway
- spread over 20 years meaning 10 months of budget spent
How will HS2 not be economically efficient?
£10bn added further
rolling stock expected to be £7.5bn
How will HS2 boost UK economy?
- generate 22,000 construction jobs in five years
- 100,000 in entire line
- increase GDP 0.8%
How will HS2 affect UK economy?
money could be used to boost business other ways
How will HS2 avoid demolition of homes in rural England?
- most homes are near Euston station
- 500 homes bulldozed
- 340 cut off from neighbourhood
- added tunnels to avoid demolition
How will HS2 demolish rural England?
- 250 acres of green belt
- sites of scientific interest
- historic houses in Buckinghamshire and Warwickshire
How will HS2 be good for the environment?
- move millions of air and road trips to rail
- reduces traffic, emissions, petrol prices
How will HS2 be bad for the environment?
- most users would take trains anyway
- use 50% more than Eurostar
How fast are the HS2 trains?
250mph
How could money be spent better than on HS2?
in debt
public finances stretched
