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AQA Geography > The challenge of resource management (uk focus on energy,water,food) > Flashcards

The challenge of resource management (uk focus on energy,water,food) Flashcards

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1
Q

What has caused an increase in demand for the UK’s food?

A

increase in population

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2
Q

How much of the UK’s food was imported in 2013?

A

47%

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3
Q

Why is there a demand for high value food exports?

A

it can be cheaper to grow in LIC and transport

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4
Q

How do LICs benefit from high value food exports?

A
  • income
  • tax ; better infrastructure
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5
Q

How do LICs lose out from high value food exports?

A
  • less land for local crop
  • increased pressure on local supplies
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6
Q

Why is there an all year demand for seasonal food?

A

introduction of supermarkets and exotic products in them

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7
Q

Why is there demand for organic produce?

A

seen as healthy

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8
Q

What does organic mean?

A

no unnatural enhancements like fertilisers or pesticides used in production

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8
Q

When did the demand for organic produce begin?

A

1990s

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9
Q

Why is organic produce more expensive?

A

lower yields

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10
Q

How are crops grown organically?

A
  • natural predators
  • natural fertilisers
  • rotated to increase fertility
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11
Q

How is cattle grown organically?

A

not fed hormones

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12
Q

How much does food travel in the UK per year?

A

30 billion kilometres

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13
Q

How much does food contribute to UK carbon footprint?

A

17%

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14
Q

How much does imported food contribute to UK carbon footprint?

A

11%

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15
Q

How does local sourcing reduce carbon emissions?

A
  • eating seasonal
  • home grown
  • local farmer’s
  • only importing foods unable to grow in UK
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16
Q

How many people home grow their own fruit and veg?

A

1/3 of population

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17
Q

What is agribusiness?

A

farming like an industrial business

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18
Q

How does agribusiness increase farm size?

A
  • remove hedgerows
  • increase mechanisation
  • increase use of chemicals
  • combine small farms
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19
Q

How has demand for water changed?

A

increased

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20
Q

How much has water use in average household increased by?

A

70% since 1985

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21
Q

Why has demand for water increased in homes?

A
  • increased population
  • increased wealth
  • showers taken each week
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22
Q

Why has demand for water increased in industry?

A
  • greenhouses
  • production increase
  • leisure use
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23
Q

Give an example of how wealth has caused an increase in demand for water

A

using washing machines and dishwashers

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24
Q

Give an example of how leisure has caused an increase in demand for water

A

golf course needs watering

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25
Q

Where are the areas of water deficit in the UK?

A

east of UK

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26
Q

Why does the east of the UK have water deficit?

A

least rainfall and higher population densities

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27
Q

Where are there areas of water surplus in the UK?

A

west of UK

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28
Q

Why does the west of the UK have water surplus?

A

most rainfall and lower population densities

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29
Q

How much of UK population live in south east?

A

1/3

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30
Q

Where is the driest part of the UK?

A

south east

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31
Q

Why is there a need to transfer water to maintain supplies?

A

to match where supplies and demand of water are

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32
Q

What has the UK gov considered to transfer water?

A

national water grid

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33
Q

What are the economic concerns of a national water grid?

A

enormous cost to install

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34
Q

What are the social concerns of a national water grid?

A

local communities would be displaced

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35
Q

What are the environmental concerns of a national water grid?

A
  • may disrupt ecology and block migration
  • increased carbon emissions
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36
Q

Where do smaller scale water transfers occur?

A

Kielder Dam in Northumberland pumps water into North Tyne river to supply Newcastle, Sunderland and Middlesborough

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37
Q

Which agency manages water quality in the UK?

A

Environment Agency

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38
Q

How clean is water supply in the UK?

A

best since before Industrial Revolution

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39
Q

How much of water is classified as ‘good status’ by EU Water Framework Directive?

A

only 27%

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40
Q

What causes water pollution in the UK?

A
  • chemicals from farming
  • oil from boats
  • untreated waste
  • runoff from roads
  • hot water from industry
41
Q

What runoff from roads causes water pollution in the UK?

A
  • exhaust fumes
  • oil
  • heavy metals
  • grit/salt
42
Q

How does water pollution affect the UK?

A
  • aquatic wildlife killed
  • eutrophication
  • drinking water poisoned
  • microbacteria spread disease
  • fishermen and tourist industry suffer economically
43
Q

How are water quality and pollution levels managed?

A
  • legislation in UK and EU
  • education campaigns
  • waste water treatment plants
  • investment in sewers
  • pollution traps
  • green rooves on buildings
44
Q

How does legislation manage water quality and pollution levels?

A

limit amount of discharge farms and factories can release

45
Q

How does education campaigns manage water quality and pollution levels?

A

inform public

46
Q

How do waste water treatment plants manage water quality and pollution levels?

A

removes solids, bacteria, algae and chemicals

47
Q

How does investment in sewers manage water quality and pollution levels?

A

reduces overflow of sewers and spills

48
Q

How do pollution traps manage water quality and pollution levels?

A

filters out pollutants

49
Q

Give examples of pollution traps

A

reed beds

50
Q

How do green rooves manage water quality and pollution levels?

A
  • filter pollutants out of rainwater
  • reduce flooding
  • absorb CO2
51
Q

How has the UK’s demand for energy changed?

A

less energy consumed than in 1970

52
Q

How much less energy does average household use?

A

12% less

53
Q

How much less energy does heavy industry use?

A

60% less

54
Q

What is the UK’s energy mix?

A
  • non renewable
  • nuclear
  • renewable
55
Q

How much of UK’s energy mix was coal in 2015?

A

31%

56
Q

How much of the UK’s energy mix was gas in 2015?

A

25%

57
Q

How much of UK’s energy mix was nuclear in 2015?

A

19%

58
Q

How much of UK’s energy mix was renewable in 2015?

A

22%

59
Q

What does the UK rely on for supply of fossil fuels?

A

imports

60
Q

Why does the UK rely on imports of fossil fuels?

A

reserves have declined

61
Q

Give examples of fossil fuels

A

coal
oil
gas

62
Q

What are the economic issues surrounding fossil fuels?

A
  • unsustainable ; eventually cost will be too high or they will run out
  • miners suffer diseases ; healthcare cost
  • costly to adapt to climate change
63
Q

What are the economic issues surrounding nuclear energy?

A
  • expensive to build
  • transport and storage costly
64
Q

What are the environmental issues surrounding fossil fuels?

A
  • co2 released
  • oil spills
  • visual pollution
  • fracking causes earthquakes and water pollution
65
Q

What are the environmental issues surrounding fossil fuels?

A
  • waste remains radioactive
  • risk of leakage
66
Q

What are the economic issues surrounding renewable energy?

A
  • set up is high cost
  • tourism declines
  • low profitability
  • biomass - increase food price as less land for crops
67
Q

What are the environmental issues surrounding renewable energy?

A
  • eyesores
  • affect migration (wind,hydro)
  • biomass reduces biodiversity
  • geothermal energy only available to USA and Iceland as tectonically active
68
Q

Define food miles

A

distance food has travelled to get to consumer

69
Q

Define carbon footprint

A

measure of human impact on environment in terms of greenhouse gases produced

70
Q

What are the advantages of organic food?

A
  • health benefits
  • safer for animals and wildlife
71
Q

What are the health benefits of organic food?

A
  • vitamin C
  • oxidants
  • trace minerals
72
Q

What are the disadvantages of organic food?`

A
  • expensive
  • unreliable
  • labour intensive
  • imperfect
73
Q

What are the advantages of local produce?

A
  • reduces pollution
  • reduces traffic congestion
  • supports communities
74
Q

What are the disadvantages of local produce?

A
  • disproportionate buyer power
  • farmers have to match supermarket prices
75
Q

How does local produce lead to disproportionate buyer power?

A

supermarkets have 85% share of food

76
Q

Why has agribusiness become more common?

A
  • cheaper
  • extended seasons
  • reduces imports
  • reduces food miles and pollution
  • creates perfect product
77
Q

What are the benefits of importing food?

A
  • cheaper
  • year round access
  • boosts economy (shopping)
78
Q

What are the issues with importing food?

A
  • boosting other countries’ economies
  • food miles and pollution
  • local farmers can’t compete
79
Q

What does water supply mean?

A

provision of water

80
Q

What does water consumption/demand mean?

A

quantity required to meet needs

81
Q

What does water deficit mean?

A

water demand higher than supply

82
Q

What does water surplus mean?

A

water supply higher than demand

83
Q

What does water stress mean?

A

water demand exceeds supply

84
Q

What are the two Qs of water?

A

quality
quantity

85
Q

What does energy mix mean?

A

range of energy sources

86
Q

What does fossil fuels mean?

A

natural fuel formed in geological past from remains of organisms

87
Q

What does domestic energy mean?

A

energy generated within country

88
Q

What are the economic opportunities of fossil fuels?

A
  • jobs
  • multiplier effect
89
Q

What are the economic opportunities of nuclear energy?

A
  • jobs
  • multiplier effect
90
Q

What are the environmental opportunities of fossil fuels?

A
  • carbon storage is more efficient
91
Q

What are the environmental opportunities of nuclear energy?

A
  • less polluting then fossil fuels
92
Q

What are the economic opportunities of renewable energy?

A
  • jobs
  • multiplier effect
93
Q

What are the environmental opportunities of renewable energy?

A
  • lower co2 emissions
  • off shore wind turbines act as artificial reef
  • land for turbines can be used for farming
94
Q

Define global inequality

A

differences across countries

95
Q

Define resource supply

A

providing items to satisfy human needs

96
Q

Define resource consumption

A

use of natural resources

97
Q

Why has global demand increased?

A
  • population growth
  • economic development
  • product development
98
Q

How does food affect well being?

A
  • health
  • productivity
99
Q

How does energy affect well being?

A
  • hygiene
  • industrial development
100
Q

How does water affect well being?

A
  • health + hygiene
  • productivity
  • saves time - education

AQA Geography (9 decks)

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