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College Biology & Ecology II > UQ Terrestrial Ecology II > Flashcards

UQ Terrestrial Ecology II Flashcards

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1
Q

What is life in terms of water

A

A chemical reaction that takes place in water

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2
Q

What is metabolism?

A

the total chemical activity of an organism - the rate at which the body burns energy

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3
Q

What is homeostasis

A

maintenance of internal environment for metabolism stable relative to the “outside world”aka: keeping the body in check with the environment

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4
Q

T/F: most australian animals are nocturnal

A

True

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5
Q

What does crepuscular mean

A

active at dawn/dusk

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6
Q

Why are most animals in aussie nocturnal?

A

They need to deal with the hot dry weather

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7
Q

What is the red kangaroo example in terms of homeostasis?

A

they pant and lick forearms to cool where their major blood vessels are

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8
Q

Explain the effect of soil fertility on food productivity

A

Low nutrient soils = sclerophyll plants = low nutrient plants = small herbivores - small carnivores.

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9
Q

What is the significance of mistletoes in terms of low nutrients

A

they are the nutrient parts animals go for on trees| they try to mimic the sclerophyll to avoid detection

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10
Q

Explain the koalas ability to survive on the nutrient low eucalyptus

A

teeth turn the high fiber leaves to mush while liver deactivates toxic oils- caecum for digesting cellulose- sleep 20 hours a day: long digestion time (with help of microbes)fun fact: young get these microbes by eating special poo pellet from mom

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11
Q

Australia’s environment can be seen as similar to what other continent

A

Africa

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12
Q

Explain “patchiness” of resources

A

In aussie due to the unpredictable climates and environmental events, resources in ecosystems are “patchy” in time and space.

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13
Q

Difference between migration and nomadism

A

migration is predictable seasonal movement| nomadism = unpredictable movements following resources

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14
Q

What is more common in aussie? nomadsm or migration

A

nomadism - 26% of australian birds

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15
Q

Life = ____ + ______

A

metabolism and reproduction”an organized genetic unit capable of metabolism, evolution, and reproduction”

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16
Q

Relation between replication and reproduction

A

replication = variation form genetic recombinations (sex) or errors (mutationreproduction = variation over time = evoltuion

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17
Q

Describe the ecology of the platypus in terms of habitation, satiation, perambulation, and sensation, self-preservation, procreation, and generation.

A
  • freshwater pools with lots of prey and shelter- eats lots of invertebrates (shrimp/insect) bill has “horny” pad to crush food- webbed claws for swimming and digging - tail as a rudder- dive blind and deaf: use a “6th sense” -> bill sensitive to electrical impulses from movement- hard to-get-to burrows and nocturnal- ritualized swimming and venom for male-male combat- mother incubates eggs in burrows and are nursed until able to leave after 4 months
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18
Q

What are the three ways of getting into Aussie for animals?

A
  • already being there- crossing physical barriers (ocean)- being transported by humans
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19
Q

Describe Island biogeography in terms of species

A

isolation and size in theory have less species than the mainland. Rate of evolution does tend to speed up on islands.

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20
Q

What does the species number on an island equal?

A

The balance between extinction and colonization

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21
Q

Describe the diversity of Australian mammals

A

very diverse/endemic but less in terms of species richness, abundance, and biomass (island continent)

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22
Q

What physical factors make Aussie zoology different?

A
  • less ecosystem fertility| - variability of resources over time and space
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23
Q

What spatial factors make zoology in Aussie different?

A

-biogeographic isolation : “island continent”

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24
Q

Describe earthworms breifly and their role in terms of soil structure and soil chemistry

A

“aquatic” worms in terrestrial soil; transpire directly through skin- aerates soil by tunneling (water and root infiltration) ; reduce surface erosion ; mixes layers of soil- breaks down coarse organic matter into fine nutrients ; disperses those nutrients

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25
Q

What is the order of taxonomy?

A

Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-SpeciesKids Playing Chess On the Freeway Get Smashed

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26
Q

What is the “r” strategy? How does it apply to insects?

A

Life based on reproduction-lots of small babies with minimal care = high productive rate Way of life of insects

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27
Q

What is Eusociality?

A

Colony- classification - queen type dynamic

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28
Q

What is a niche

A

the full degree of spatial and biological requirements a particular species needs to survive and reproducethe “role” of a speciesan n-dimensional hyperspace

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29
Q

Difference between habitat and niche

A 
habitat = where they liveniche = how they live
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30
Q

What is competitive exclusion

A

principal that tow species cannot share the same niche at the same time and place. One will eventually outperform the other and kick it out

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31
Q

What are the two outcomes of competitive exclusion

A
  • Loser goes extinct or put elsewhere| - the two evolve to make slightly different niches (diversification)
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32
Q

How do competitive exclusion and invasion of species relate?

A

invasive species tend to squeeze out existing species by their expansion (dingo and thylacine)

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33
Q

What is species packing and how can it be done?

A

Fitting more species in ecosystems1) adding more resources2) more narrow/ specialized species3) weak competition4) still space for other’s to share

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34
Q

What significance does latitude have in species richness?

A

more equatorial places = less seasonal b/c of more solar energy but still has lots of diversity so there could be a latitudinal “gradient” for species packing

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35
Q

What are so special about the beetles in an species sense?

A

Hyper-diversity (200+ years to catch up)| over time, herbivore beetles diversity went up with increased diversity of plants

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36
Q

What does radiate mean in terms on taxonomy?

A

to diversify

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37
Q

Name an example where competitive exclusion doesn’t apply.

A

First come first serve basis| EX: the antlions that sit and wait and doesn’t matter the species its just who gets there first

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38
Q

Explain the view of invasive species as “super competitors”

A

They are seen that way but maybe they really aren’t because they are just taking advantage of the conditions there (rabbits and artificial farm pastures) or just “free” of the predators and diseases from where they originally were

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39
Q

What is an alternative to competition? Define it and give an example.

A

environmental heterogeneity-spatial patchiness and temporal variability of resources + random disturbance events keep abundance low for constant competition OR feeding on same things at different times (birds and figs example)

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40
Q

What are two ways of diversification in terms of niches?

A

1) inter-specific competition: niche differentiation to prevent exclusion2) patchiness, temporal, random disturbance: prevents exclusion, more space in different ways

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41
Q

In the real world ecological opportunities are varied so in the end ________

A

no one can be good at everything| footnote: few facts in ecology

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42
Q

What sort of morphological process defines amphibians

A

metamorphosis from aquatic eggs to gill larvae to terrestrial adults

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43
Q

How long ago was it that the amphibians were the only terrestrial vertebrates

A

350-320 MYA

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44
Q

What restricts amphibians to moist habitats?

A

permeable moist skin, external fertilization and aquatic larvae

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45
Q

Why is there not many frogs/amphibians in aussie?

A

The arid climate restricts them

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46
Q

Name the 4 types of Gondwanan frogs

A

1) Hylidae - tree frogs2) Myobatracidae - southern frogs (aussie & new guinea)3) Microhylidae = pointy headed frogs4) Ranidae - bull frogs

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47
Q

What is delayed emergence in terms of amphibians?

A

when amphibian eggs are laid in an environment away from land (burrow) and once matured stay in “suspended animation” until rain comes and washes tadpoles to water

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48
Q

What is direct development in terms of amphibians?

A

The tadpoles do not leave the egg, the feed on yolk until hatching as small adults. (fewer, larger eggs)

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49
Q

What is aestivation? What kind of frogs do this?

A

dry season dormancy (for amphibians)-burrowing frogs that stay underground with bulbous bodies to store water and come out and rapidly reproduce during floods

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50
Q

T/F: Aussie does not have the highest proportion of desert land

A

FALSE actually 70% arid

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51
Q

Explain what it means when talking about “islands” of habitats surrounded by “seas” of deserts

A

Patchniess of habitats spread out separated by the vast areas of desert leads to specialized and endemic species

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52
Q

T/F: All frogs croak

A

FALSE only males croak

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53
Q

Why do frogs croak?

A

Call to attract female mates and also warn others of their territory (communication in general as well)

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54
Q

What are “satellite” or “sneaky” frogs?

A

Frogs who intercept females heading towards a “good” caller and pretend to be that frog (44% of the time for some frogs)

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55
Q

Instinct is a ____ trait that can evolve by natural selection that can have its costs and benefits

A

genetic/heritable

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56
Q

Explain the example of heritable instincts and benefits with normal and sneaky frogs

A

Normal males have high cost in energy compared to the “sneaky” frogs. If most frogs normal then the “sneaky” gets lots of benefits but if more are sneaky less benefits and the normal ones have an equal chance

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57
Q

What can be said about the strategy of the most favorable cost to benefit ratio?

A

It will gain more mating and then that heritable instinct will become more widespread(strategies can tradeoff in domination creating an oscialltion)

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58
Q

Explain the high altitude bias of the decline of frog species in forests on mountain ranges?

A
  • Skin and aquatic larvae sensitive to pollution and pH changes; UV radiation- habitat destruction- disease- introduced predators
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59
Q

How long ago did reptiles come in?

A

320 MYA

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60
Q

Reptiles are ______, all coming from one ancestor

A

monophyletic

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61
Q

Describe the general attributes of reptiles

A

water retaining scaly skininternal fertilizationshelled membrane egg (amniote)

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62
Q

How long ago did the amniotes split and name the 3 categories.

A

285 MYA- mammals- turtles- all other reptiles (wait paraphyletic?)

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63
Q

How many orders of living reptiles are there?

A

4 orders - limited body plan diversity

64
Q

What is the ectothermy? endothermy?

A 
ecto= body temperatures maintained externallyendo = body temp maintained internally  (const body temperature)
65
Q

What defines reptile lifestyles?

A

temperature regulation - behavioral adaptations

66
Q

when energy is not available what happens to ectrothermic temperature? What is the consequence of rapid activity?

A

Temperature drops- cant sustain body well| -rapid movement only available in short burst - rapid exhaustion and long recovery

67
Q

What is the “perk” of drawing temperature form the environment?

A

Can “choose” from a range of environmental temperatures available

68
Q

What is the example with land mullets and treefall gaps

A

Mullets prefer to live near treefall gaps because there will be a lot of shelter and also areas to bask in the sun

69
Q

Which is the only aussie turtle that can pull its head in?

A

Aquatic pig nosed turtles

70
Q

How do Gondwanan turtles protect their neck?

A

they wrap it around under the shell

71
Q

Name the 5 lizzards of Aussie

A
  • Geckos- Legless lizzards (not like snakes : ears and UN-forked toungue)- Goannas (monitors - dino like)- Skinks- Dragons
72
Q

How do reptiles defend themselves?

A

Flight FightHideBluff

73
Q

Describe the relation of fighting to benefits and cost (graph)

A

Aggression - high benefits but high costAvoidance - low benefits and low costIntermediate - maximum for benefits-costsAnimals fight only in interest, fights seldom fatal

74
Q

How are the “decisions” weighing the cost and benefits made in animals?

A

By natural selection on genes for instinct to find the balance

75
Q

What are the two types of snakes?

A

Elapids (venomous)| Colubrids

76
Q

How many pythons are there in Aussie and how do they feed? Who broods eggs and how do they keep em warm?

A

13 (about half the world)- ambush (detection with infrared pits) and constrict and suffocate prey- mother broods, sometimes shivers to keep em warm

77
Q

Aussie has what two types of crocs and whats the difference between them

A

Freshwater - slender build and snoutSaltwater Estuarine ones - heavy build and broad snout

78
Q

Advantage of ectothermy over mammals?

A

Reduced food requirement - need leas to sustain them while mammals need to eat heaps to maintain body heat-Able to dominate in food scarce envrionments

79
Q

Describe parental care in crocodiles

A
  • mom builds mound during wet season for nest and guards eggs- when hatched mom fetches out of mound and carries them to water- takes care until 5 weeks then they on their own
80
Q

Don’t think in terms of anthropomorphism. What is that?

A

applying human values to animal behaviour

81
Q

What is “instinct” in terms of ecology

A

“auto” development of behaviors through age

82
Q

What is “learning” in terms of ecology

A

behavior modification from individual experience

83
Q

Most animal behavior is ______

A

instinctive

84
Q

T/F: Reptiles with simple brains don’t demonstrate much instinct

A

FALSE - very sophisticated instinct

85
Q

What is population ecology?

A

understanding the distribution and abundance of organisms

86
Q

All organisms have a potential for _____ growth

A

exponential

87
Q

Density independent growth = (ask about this)

A

the more individuals, the faster the population grows ??????

88
Q

Population changes through what 4 factors

A

Birth, death, immigration, emigration

89
Q

What happens when populations increase what happens in terms of growth rate

A

decreases - competition, stress, resources, births and immigration go down; more deaths and emigration

90
Q

What is K

A

Carrying capacity of an environment for a population for a species

91
Q

Density dependent growth =

A

population growth slows and stays around K

92
Q

What are “K” and “r” strategists?

A 
K = long living, slow reproducing stable populationsr= short lived, fast reproducing populations
93
Q

Ratio of monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians in Aussie

A

2 monotremesabout equal marsupials and eutherians (150)

94
Q

What are monotremes in terms of animal lineage

A

an early shoot off from mammals

95
Q

When did eutherians and marsupials split in lineage?

A

Cretaceous period

96
Q

Which type of eutharians are the only ones with long history in Aussie?

A

Rats (rodents) and Bats

97
Q

What is the ratio of monotremes, marsups, and euths in New Guinea?

A

3 monotremesabout half the marsups as euths (70 - 140)

98
Q

The long separation of Aussie and South America results in _____ split

A

taxonomic

99
Q

T/F: There are not many mammals on New Zealand, mostly dominated by birds

A

True

100
Q

Are food chains long or short for mammals?

A

short (3-4 levels, energy lost at each level)

101
Q

What is net primary productivity?

A

Total plant growth - respiratory losses- left over product supports consumers- determined by physical factors

102
Q

The shortness and loss of energy at each trophic level in mammals create food ____

A

pyramids

103
Q

Describe the ecology of possums and gliders

A

Possums have high diversity - leaf, nectar and fruit eaters. Gliders evolved 3 times - effective energy saving movement to search for food

104
Q

Describe order diprotodontia

A

herbivorus marsupials - teeth made to sheear and grind food| Super diverse radiation - koala, wombats, possums and gliders, macropods

105
Q

How many types of macropods are there? What is so special about them in ecological terms?

A

50 species| super diverse in size and ecological roles

106
Q

What two things control populations?

A

Density dependent effects| Density independent effects

107
Q

What are density dep. effects and give some examples

A

effects that are more increased with more population| -disease, food supply, competition

108
Q

What are density indep. effects and some examples

A

effects that happen at any time (mostly physical)| -habitat disturbance, climate and weather

109
Q

What are some holes in the argument of r/k strategy?

A

Kangaroos- long lived but numbers dont increase when kept low, they are opportunistic breeders (embryonic dipause); reproduction seen to correlate with rain.

110
Q

Describe the ecology of marsupial carnivores

A

most rodent sized all with sharp teeth| -convergence with eutherian wolves, cats shrews and other “hunter” species

111
Q

Describe the ecology of Bandicoots and Bilbies

A

11 species- omnivores (insects and plants/fruit)- foragers (claws and long snouts) - bounding convergence with macropods

112
Q

Describe the ecology of marsupial moles

A

2 species- blind and spade-like forepaws for digging- seems to eat invertebrates

113
Q

Describe the ecology of bats

A

79 species- powered flight, nocturnal due to high water and heat loss b/c lots of surface area. - very diverse- 11 types that feed on fruits and flowers (pollinators; fruit bats/flying foxes)- 68 small ones that eat insects and use echolocation

114
Q

Describe the ecology of mice and rats (rodents)

A
  • 70 types; highly diverse- self-sharpening, chisel like inscisors- eats plants and insects- r strategists- 2 colonizations (first more aussie like ; 2nd more introduced species)
115
Q

What are the introduced species

A

any LAND mammal NOT a monotreme/marsupial/ bat / native rodent/ (or dingo) -create nothing but trouble

116
Q

Describe the ecology of the dingo

A

Asian (new guinea/ thiland) wolf brought over in semi-domesticated state- very similar to dogs- implicated thylacine and tasmanian devil extinctions- eat a range of things

117
Q

South American marsupials only survived for as long as they….In reality S. American marsupials ____ with eutharians for years.

A

avoided eutherian compeitionco-existed

118
Q

Aussies strange mammals are rivaled by the ______ order of anteaters ex: ____ and ____

A

Xenarthrasloths and armadillos(living descendents of godwanan eutherians)

119
Q

What is the Great American Interchange?

A

Process of faunal exchange between north and south america over central america (panama land bridge)-over 50% of S.A. mammals = north descendents ; northern invaders come and diversify

120
Q

What was wrong with the movement of S. american animals

A

-they could not adapt as well as the north (with different biomes) and were restricted to rainforest environment (marsupials in rainforests only)”environmental history” instead of ability competiton

121
Q

Why is aussie the land of parots?

A

53 species of Aussie parrots| very diverse in aussie

122
Q

Feathers are modified _____

A

reptile scales

123
Q

Class aves = feathered _____

A

vertebrates

124
Q

Describe the physical features of feathers

A

aerodynamic (curvature and lightweight| babes on feather link segments together for a functional feather

125
Q

Tradeoffs in birds to powered flight

A
  • very lightweight bones- higher metabolic demands- only two limbs- no teeth- low fat reserves- high maintenence feathers
126
Q

Bird metabolism requires _______ food

A

high quality

127
Q

Different bills and feet morphology leads to ______

A

different niches

128
Q

What is the rate of diversity in Aussie?

A

720 species - 40% endemic!| Large range of habitats

129
Q

What are passerines? Describe some characteristics (2)

A

Songbirdscomplex voicbox3 toe forwards - 1 to back locking

130
Q

T/F: all aussie birds are descendents of passerines

A

FALSE

131
Q

What is evolution? (bird lecture)

A

descendants with modification| -change in genetic lineage over time from one generation to another

132
Q

What is selection?

A

mechanisms of evolution; forces driving change| -the favoring of selecting of some linages over others

133
Q

What is radiation?

A

diversification of a lineage/ branching of a family tree| ex: honeyeaters radiated alongsie vetebrate pollinated eucalupytus

134
Q

Describe the diversity/ecology of pidgeons

A

22 types (doves as well)- fruit and seed specialists- rainforest origins and dry ones across continent

135
Q

Describe the diversity/ecology of finches

A

18 grass finches- specialist seed eaters- radiated inot grasslands and open forests

136
Q

Describe the diversity/ecology of radiation in Hawaii

A

5 Hawaiian “honeyeaters” radiated with bird pollinated plants- thought to be aussie but just convergent evolution- these “honeycreepers” evolved from a finch from hawaiii a while ago

137
Q

What are the “ingredients” of radiation?

A
  • Common ancestor- empty niches to diversify into- geographic isolation
138
Q

Describe the process of evolution by natural selection

A
  • make more babies than actually survive- individuals in these vary genetically (heritable)- limited resources lead to competition between these individuals- indv. with favorable variations survive better and leave more babies (evolutionary fitness)- over time the variations spread in the population (and diverges from different environments)
139
Q

What is evolutionary fitness?

A

things with better variations survive to leave more offspring

140
Q

Natural selection explains similarities (convergence) & differences between what type of birds?

A

Birds of prey| (raptors and owls_

141
Q

Which bird sex is usually more brightly colored and lively? What does this mean?

A

Male| Female choice when it comes to mting

142
Q

T/F: in bird pairs, the bond isnt that strong

A

FALSE - rituals between birds establish strong bonds

143
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

selection for adaptations that increase mating success (sexy sons)

144
Q

What is intra-sexual selection?

A

when makes compete directly with other males| ex: fighting

145
Q

What is inter-sexual selection?

A

when males directly try to attract a female (nice colors)

146
Q

Describe the sexual process of Fairy Wrens

A

colorful males with plain femals brood young and are taken care of by other “non-breeding” males- 75% offspring were fathered by males outside the group however- males in “couples” had paternity- helpers had 30% paternity

147
Q

What is evolution by neutral selection?

A

random change for evoltuion

148
Q

When are effects of neutral selection strong?

A

small groups with small number of individuals that started that small group-chance for genetic drift

149
Q

What is phyletic gradualism?

A

slow and steady change due to natural selection towards better adaptations

150
Q

What is directional selection. Describe how it would look on a graph

A

selection favoring evolution in a particular direction(better mouths to feed)-on a curve graph ; small portion is favored while the majority disadvantaged

151
Q

What is stabilizing selection? Describe how it would look on a graph

A

conservative evolution; when evolving away from the normal is not good. (being too wierd)-on a curved graph : middle large section is favored, the two tail ends are not favored

152
Q

What does allopatric mean?

A

“different homelands”

153
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

when a population is divided by physical barriers and develop and diverge into different species in which they cannot interbreed-reproductive isolation: when they come back together they are different species

154
Q

What is punctual equilibrium?

A

argument against slow and steady evolution| -long period of stability (stable selection) and then a change of event jumpstarts rapid evolution (allopatric possibly)

155
Q

What two concepts describe reinforcement of species boundaries?

A

1) Biological species concept: groups of interbreeding populations with properties that prevent species interbreeding2) Mate Recognition Species Concept: group of organisms that recognize another as a mate; those unrecognized are not able to mate

156
Q

What do birds look the way they do in terms of- natural selection- mate recognition

A
  • form matches function| - function of mating signals to id themselves as recognizable mates

College Biology & Ecology II (21 decks)

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