Animal Hormones Flashcards

2
Q

Animal Hormones

Performance enhancing drugs and order of the general effect on the body

A

SteroidsTakes testosterone-> binds to cell receptors-> alters gene expression

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3
Q

Animal Hormones

The main effect of steroids and side effects

A

Alters gene expressionCancer and heart,kidney,liver disease

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4
Q

Animal Hormones

Hormones are _____ and what is the speed of its communication and distance in the body it travels

A

Chemical messagesSlowDistance cells of the body

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5
Q

Animal Hormones

Hormones control ________ processes. Not useful for ________

A

Long term physiological processesNot for rapid reactions

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6
Q

Animal Hormones

Endocrine cells ________ into the ____ and ______

A

Secrete hormones into the interstitial space & blood stream (far away)

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7
Q

Animal Hormones

Exocrine cells _____ into ____ connected to the ______

A

Secrete substances into ducts connected to the outside world

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8
Q

Animal Hormones

Epithilial cells

A

Cells that “face” outside world

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9
Q

Animal Hormones

2 types of secreted hormones and general properties they share

A

Autocrine and paracrineReleased in small amounts, inactivated by enzymes, or taken up by local cells.Never get into the circulatory system (blood stream)

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10
Q

Animal Hormones

Describe autocrine hormones

A

Hormones acting on the secreting cell itself. Think “automatic”

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11
Q

Animal Hormones

Describe paracrine hormones

A

Hormones that act on cells near the site of release. Think “para” as “panoramic”

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12
Q

Animal Hormones

Describe circulatory hormones

A

Diffuse into blood streamLatches on to cell receptor to trigger a responseThe same hormone can have different responses

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13
Q

Animal Hormones

Example of a circulatory hormone, how it works, and effects

A

Epinephrine (aka adrenaline)Reaction to emergency causes adrenal cells in the kidney to secrete epinephrineHeart beats faster and strongerBlood vessels constrict to send more blood to musclesGlycogen broken to glucose in liverFats also used for energy (in liver)

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14
Q

Animal Hormones

3 main hormone groups

A

Peptides/proteinsSteroidsAmine hormones

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15
Q

Animal Hormones

Properties of peptide/protein hormonesExamples?

A

Water soluble (polar)Transported by vesiclesReceptors on surface of cellsSignal cascades into the cell Growth hormones and insulin

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16
Q

Animal Hormones

Properties of steroidsExamples

A

Lipid solubleCholesterol are the building blocksMembrane permeabl -can diffuse in and out of cellsNeeds carrier protein in bloodReceptors in cytoplasm and nucleusInteracts with DNA for altering gene expressionSuper small concentrationsEstrogen

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17
Q

Animal Hormones

Properties of amine hormonesExamples

A

Derivatives of amino acid tyrosineBoth lipid and water solubleAdrenaline/epinephrine

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18
Q

Animal Hormones

Peptide hormone receptors are

A

Large Glycoproteins on the cell surface

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19
Q

Animal Hormones

Receptors for steroids

A

Inside cell (cytoplasm/nucleus)Include intercellular receptors that alter gene expression

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20
Q

Animal Hormones

Endocrine glands- describe and how many major glands are there in vertebrates

A

Single cells that secrete hormones that congregate into clusters9 major glands

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21
Q

Animal Hormones

Pituitary gland - describe and locate

A

The link between nervous systemand endocrine glands.At the bottom of the skull and attached to the hypothalamus

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22
Q

Animal Hormones

Two parts of the pituitary gland and what they do

A

Posterior- releases 2 hormones (antidiuretic, oxytocin)-Made by neurons in hypothalamus (neural hormones)-Packaged in vesiclesAnterior-controlled by neurohormones from hypothalamus-releases 4 tropic hormones and other non tropic hormones

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23
Q

Animal Hormones

What are tropic hormones and list the main ones

A

Hormones that control other endocrine glandsArenocortico-tropinThyro-tropinLeutinizingFollicle-stimulating

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24
Q

Animal Hormones

Describe growth hormone and special cases

A

191 amino acidsPromotes growth in tissuesGigantism -too muchDwarfism - too little

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25
Q

Animal Hormones

Describe the pancreas

A

Functions mainly exocrine but endocrine gland as well

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26
# Animal Hormones Where are exocrine products from the pancreas delivered?
To the intestine via pancreatic duct
27
# Animal Hormones What is the endocrine part of the pancreas comprised of?
Islets of Langerhans
28
# Animal Hormones Name the type of cells in islets of Langerhans and what they do
Beta cells - produce insulinAlpha cells -produce glucagon
29
# Animal Hormones What type of diabetes destroys islets of Langerhans?
Type I diabetes
30
# Animal Hormones Is the maintenance of blood glucose level important?
Yes. The body needs to constantlybalance it within a finite range
31
# Animal Hormones T/F : The brain depends almost entirely on glucose as an energy source
True
32
# Animal Hormones After a meal ______ levels rise and stimulate ____ to release ______
Blood glucose levelsBeta cells to release insulin
33
# Animal Hormones Glucose is converted into
Glycogen (muscle) and fat (adipose)
34
# Animal Hormones Fat tissues are also called
Adipose tissues
35
# Animal Hormones When blood glucose levels fall ______ release _____ to get the ___ to convert ____ back to _____
Alpha cells release glucagon to get the liver to convert glycogen back to glucose
36
# Animal Hormones Cellular effects of insulin
Glucose uptakeGlycogen and fatty acid synthesisTriggers exocytosis of vesicles containing glucose
37
# Animal Hormones What is GLUT-4?
Glucose transporterInside the vesicles that carry glucose
38
# Animal Hormones Raw diabetes definition
Excessive urine production
39
# Animal Hormones Raw definition of mellitus
Sweet; glucose in urine and blood
40
# Animal Hormones Diabetes + mellitus = (raw definition)
Sweet urine
41
# Animal Hormones Type 1 diabetes and what % have it
Autoimmune destruction- beta/insulin cells destroyed by the body10%
42
# Animal Hormones Type 2 diabetes and percentage and related symptom
Lack of insulin receptors on cells/ cells fail to recognize high glucose levels and don't secrete insulin90% obesity
43
# Animal Hormones Effects of diabetes
FatalityWeaknessLethargyDramatic loss of body mass
44
# Animal Hormones What does diabetes loss of body mass result from?
Cells using fat and protein for fuel instead of glucose. Body wastes away and organ/tissue damage
45
# Animal Hormones Different types of diabetic conditions-hypoglycemia -retinopathy-nephropathy-foot-ketoacidosis
-insulin takes up too much glucose => leads to coma/death-blindness-damage to kidneys => chronic renal failure-combo of neuropathy and arterial damage => skin infection / gangrene => amputation
46
# Animal Hormones How is norepinephrine related to epinephrine and what else can it do?
Similar effects , one les carbon (nor-prefix) , can also be a neurotransmitter
47
# Animal Hormones In the process of creating adrenaline, where are glycogen and fats broken down and what are they broken into?
The liver: glucose and triglycerides
48
# Animal Hormones Glucagon also has cascading signals
True
49
# Animal Hormones What substances help signal cascading in protein hormones?
Kinases and phosphatases
50
# Animal Hormones The axons of the hypothalamus make up the
Pituitary gland
51
# Animal Hormones What is oxytocin and where is it made?
Hormone secreted by the pituitary and signals bonding and muscle contractions
52
# Animal Hormones What is antidiuretic and where is it made?
Also called ADH and its the "water retention" hormone. Pee yellow - high ADH Pee clear - low ADH
53
# Animal Hormones Which hormones are in the gonads?
LeutinizingFollicle-stimulating
54
# Animal Hormones Type of connection between the hypothalamus and pituitary
Portal blood vessels
55
# Animal Hormones Glucagon is used to
Increase glucose levels
56
# Animal Hormones Insulin and glucagon are not always present
False- they are in different levels to balance the level of blood sugars
57
# Animal Hormones Two ways to store glucose
As glycogen in the liverAs fat in adipose tissue
58
# Animal Hormones Fat is present in which types of tissue
Skeletal muscleAdipose tissue
59
# Animal Hormones Random related fact: where is the core source of energy?
Electrons
60
# Animal Hormones Ketoacidosis
Such high glucose levels hat cells don't recognize it and don't take up as energy
61
# Animal Hormones Effects of ketoacidosis
Cells use fat and proteins as energy (body mass lost)Always hungryHigh osmilarty-cells become dehydratedKetone bodies-side products
62
# Animal Hormones Ketone bodies effect
Create protons in the blood so pH decreases in the blood
63
# Animal Hormones When pH decreases in blood..
Affinity/effect of hemoglobin decreases. Therefore no oxygen supple to organs = coma
64
# Animal Hormones Another side effect of diabetes directly related to the meaning of diabetes
Insipidus -low levels of ADH so body doesn't conserve water
65
# Animal Hormones All types diabetes can be treated the same
False
66
# Animal Hormones Insipidus
Excess water loss-diabetes condition