Animal Hormones

Question 2

Animal Hormones

Performance enhancing drugs and order of the general effect on the body

Answer 2

SteroidsTakes testosterone-> binds to cell receptors-> alters gene expression

Question 3

Animal Hormones

The main effect of steroids and side effects

Answer 3

Alters gene expressionCancer and heart,kidney,liver disease

Question 4

Animal Hormones

Hormones are _____ and what is the speed of its communication and distance in the body it travels

Answer 4

Chemical messagesSlowDistance cells of the body

Question 5

Animal Hormones

Hormones control ________ processes. Not useful for ________

Answer 5

Long term physiological processesNot for rapid reactions

Question 6

Animal Hormones

Endocrine cells ________ into the ____ and ______

Answer 6

Secrete hormones into the interstitial space & blood stream (far away)

Question 7

Animal Hormones

Exocrine cells _____ into ____ connected to the ______

Answer 7

Secrete substances into ducts connected to the outside world

Question 8

Animal Hormones

Epithilial cells

Answer 8

Cells that “face” outside world

Question 9

Animal Hormones

2 types of secreted hormones and general properties they share

Answer 9

Autocrine and paracrineReleased in small amounts, inactivated by enzymes, or taken up by local cells.Never get into the circulatory system (blood stream)

Question 10

Animal Hormones

Describe autocrine hormones

Answer 10

Hormones acting on the secreting cell itself. Think “automatic”

Question 11

Animal Hormones

Describe paracrine hormones

Answer 11

Hormones that act on cells near the site of release. Think “para” as “panoramic”

Question 12

Animal Hormones

Describe circulatory hormones

Answer 12

Diffuse into blood streamLatches on to cell receptor to trigger a responseThe same hormone can have different responses

Question 13

Animal Hormones

Example of a circulatory hormone, how it works, and effects

Answer 13

Epinephrine (aka adrenaline)Reaction to emergency causes adrenal cells in the kidney to secrete epinephrineHeart beats faster and strongerBlood vessels constrict to send more blood to musclesGlycogen broken to glucose in liverFats also used for energy (in liver)

Question 14

Animal Hormones

3 main hormone groups

Answer 14

Peptides/proteinsSteroidsAmine hormones

Question 15

Animal Hormones

Properties of peptide/protein hormonesExamples?

Answer 15

Water soluble (polar)Transported by vesiclesReceptors on surface of cellsSignal cascades into the cell Growth hormones and insulin

Question 16

Animal Hormones

Properties of steroidsExamples

Answer 16

Lipid solubleCholesterol are the building blocksMembrane permeabl -can diffuse in and out of cellsNeeds carrier protein in bloodReceptors in cytoplasm and nucleusInteracts with DNA for altering gene expressionSuper small concentrationsEstrogen

Question 17

Animal Hormones

Properties of amine hormonesExamples

Answer 17

Derivatives of amino acid tyrosineBoth lipid and water solubleAdrenaline/epinephrine

Question 18

Animal Hormones

Peptide hormone receptors are

Answer 18

Large Glycoproteins on the cell surface

Question 19

Animal Hormones

Receptors for steroids

Answer 19

Inside cell (cytoplasm/nucleus)Include intercellular receptors that alter gene expression

Question 20

Animal Hormones

Endocrine glands- describe and how many major glands are there in vertebrates

Answer 20

Single cells that secrete hormones that congregate into clusters9 major glands

Question 21

Animal Hormones

Pituitary gland - describe and locate

Answer 21

The link between nervous systemand endocrine glands.At the bottom of the skull and attached to the hypothalamus

Question 22

Animal Hormones

Two parts of the pituitary gland and what they do

Answer 22

Posterior- releases 2 hormones (antidiuretic, oxytocin)-Made by neurons in hypothalamus (neural hormones)-Packaged in vesiclesAnterior-controlled by neurohormones from hypothalamus-releases 4 tropic hormones and other non tropic hormones

Question 23

Animal Hormones

What are tropic hormones and list the main ones

Answer 23

Hormones that control other endocrine glandsArenocortico-tropinThyro-tropinLeutinizingFollicle-stimulating

Question 24

Animal Hormones

Describe growth hormone and special cases

Answer 24

191 amino acidsPromotes growth in tissuesGigantism -too muchDwarfism - too little

Question 25

Animal Hormones

Describe the pancreas

Answer 25

Functions mainly exocrine but endocrine gland as well

Question 26

# Animal Hormones Where are exocrine products from the pancreas delivered?

Answer 26

To the intestine via pancreatic duct

Question 27

# Animal Hormones What is the endocrine part of the pancreas comprised of?

Answer 27

Islets of Langerhans

Question 28

# Animal Hormones Name the type of cells in islets of Langerhans and what they do

Answer 28

Beta cells - produce insulinAlpha cells -produce glucagon

Question 29

# Animal Hormones What type of diabetes destroys islets of Langerhans?

Answer 29

Type I diabetes

Question 30

# Animal Hormones Is the maintenance of blood glucose level important?

Answer 30

Yes. The body needs to constantlybalance it within a finite range

Question 31

# Animal Hormones T/F : The brain depends almost entirely on glucose as an energy source

Answer 31

True

Question 32

# Animal Hormones After a meal ______ levels rise and stimulate ____ to release ______

Answer 32

Blood glucose levelsBeta cells to release insulin

Question 33

# Animal Hormones Glucose is converted into

Answer 33

Glycogen (muscle) and fat (adipose)

Question 34

# Animal Hormones Fat tissues are also called

Answer 34

Adipose tissues

Question 35

# Animal Hormones When blood glucose levels fall ______ release _____ to get the ___ to convert ____ back to _____

Answer 35

Alpha cells release glucagon to get the liver to convert glycogen back to glucose

Question 36

# Animal Hormones Cellular effects of insulin

Answer 36

Glucose uptakeGlycogen and fatty acid synthesisTriggers exocytosis of vesicles containing glucose

Question 37

# Animal Hormones What is GLUT-4?

Answer 37

Glucose transporterInside the vesicles that carry glucose

Question 38

# Animal Hormones Raw diabetes definition

Answer 38

Excessive urine production

Question 39

# Animal Hormones Raw definition of mellitus

Answer 39

Sweet; glucose in urine and blood

Question 40

# Animal Hormones Diabetes + mellitus = (raw definition)

Answer 40

Sweet urine

Question 41

# Animal Hormones Type 1 diabetes and what % have it

Answer 41

Autoimmune destruction- beta/insulin cells destroyed by the body10%

Question 42

# Animal Hormones Type 2 diabetes and percentage and related symptom

Answer 42

Lack of insulin receptors on cells/ cells fail to recognize high glucose levels and don't secrete insulin90% obesity

Question 43

# Animal Hormones Effects of diabetes

Answer 43

FatalityWeaknessLethargyDramatic loss of body mass

Question 44

# Animal Hormones What does diabetes loss of body mass result from?

Answer 44

Cells using fat and protein for fuel instead of glucose. Body wastes away and organ/tissue damage

Question 45

# Animal Hormones Different types of diabetic conditions-hypoglycemia -retinopathy-nephropathy-foot-ketoacidosis

Answer 45

-insulin takes up too much glucose => leads to coma/death-blindness-damage to kidneys => chronic renal failure-combo of neuropathy and arterial damage => skin infection / gangrene => amputation

Question 46

# Animal Hormones How is norepinephrine related to epinephrine and what else can it do?

Answer 46

Similar effects , one les carbon (nor-prefix) , can also be a neurotransmitter

Question 47

# Animal Hormones In the process of creating adrenaline, where are glycogen and fats broken down and what are they broken into?

Answer 47

The liver: glucose and triglycerides

Question 48

# Animal Hormones Glucagon also has cascading signals

Answer 48

True

Question 49

# Animal Hormones What substances help signal cascading in protein hormones?

Answer 49

Kinases and phosphatases

Question 50

# Animal Hormones The axons of the hypothalamus make up the

Answer 50

Pituitary gland

Question 51

# Animal Hormones What is oxytocin and where is it made?

Answer 51

Hormone secreted by the pituitary and signals bonding and muscle contractions

Question 52

# Animal Hormones What is antidiuretic and where is it made?

Answer 52

Also called ADH and its the "water retention" hormone. Pee yellow - high ADH Pee clear - low ADH

Question 53

# Animal Hormones Which hormones are in the gonads?

Answer 53

LeutinizingFollicle-stimulating

Question 54

# Animal Hormones Type of connection between the hypothalamus and pituitary

Answer 54

Portal blood vessels

Question 55

# Animal Hormones Glucagon is used to

Answer 55

Increase glucose levels

Question 56

# Animal Hormones Insulin and glucagon are not always present

Answer 56

False- they are in different levels to balance the level of blood sugars

Question 57

# Animal Hormones Two ways to store glucose

Answer 57

As glycogen in the liverAs fat in adipose tissue

Question 58

# Animal Hormones Fat is present in which types of tissue

Answer 58

Skeletal muscleAdipose tissue

Question 59

# Animal Hormones Random related fact: where is the core source of energy?

Answer 59

Electrons

Question 60

# Animal Hormones Ketoacidosis

Answer 60

Such high glucose levels hat cells don't recognize it and don't take up as energy

Question 61

# Animal Hormones Effects of ketoacidosis

Answer 61

Cells use fat and proteins as energy (body mass lost)Always hungryHigh osmilarty-cells become dehydratedKetone bodies-side products

Question 62

# Animal Hormones Ketone bodies effect

Answer 62

Create protons in the blood so pH decreases in the blood

Question 63

# Animal Hormones When pH decreases in blood..

Answer 63

Affinity/effect of hemoglobin decreases. Therefore no oxygen supple to organs = coma

Question 64

# Animal Hormones Another side effect of diabetes directly related to the meaning of diabetes

Answer 64

Insipidus -low levels of ADH so body doesn't conserve water

Question 65

# Animal Hormones All types diabetes can be treated the same

Answer 65

False

Question 66

# Animal Hormones Insipidus

Answer 66

Excess water loss-diabetes condition