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College Biology & Ecology II > Evolution 131 > Flashcards

Evolution 131 Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Theories of evolution are generally a very old science

A

FALSE

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2
Q

Explain original theory by Plato and Aristotle

A

“Cyclical stasis” - everything moved around in a cycle that repeated itself but in a “progressive way”

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3
Q

What is one of the major ideals that prevent the forward movement of the science of evolution

A

The book of genesis/religion

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4
Q

Around what time did evolution start getting accepted?

A

1700s

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5
Q

When was Darwin’s model presented and when was it integrated?

A

1860s

1930s

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6
Q

What was Lamark’s evo therory? Give an example

A

Scala Naturae: organisms start at the bottom of a “escalator” and continuously take steps towards a more perfect form. There were multiple episodes of special creation
-Example- fish all become mammals and start at the same place but not all fish were related and created independently

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7
Q

What was Cuvier’s evo theory?

A

Natural Theology ->Static Perfected Machines: organisms were built as adapted machines to their environment. Only way to get something new is to wipe out the existing and something new will be created in its place.

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8
Q

What was the ideal of Natural Theology?

A

the world was a “perfectly tuned machine” with everything in harmony with each other, no competition, no evolution
“A place for everything and everything in it’s place”

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9
Q

What was Darwin’s evo theory?

A

“natural selection” - world was in harsh competitive equilibrium. race of adaptation leads to both extinction and speciation

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10
Q

What was wrong with Darwin’s model at the time

A

It was not proveable at the time and went against the major church teaching which was powerful at the time

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11
Q

______ is the central organizing concept in bio.

A

Evolution

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12
Q

Evolution is based on the principles of what? and What does it operate on?

A

Genealogical continuity, variation, sorting by natural process
-all this operates on spatial and temporal scales to produce diversity and pattern.

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13
Q

Generally how would evolution be static under Darwin’s theory?

A

if a beneficial variation gets lost in the next generations

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14
Q

Pre-mendelian genetics assumed that features of parents were ____ in offspring leading to ____ of certain traits

A
  • blended

- dilution

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15
Q

Mendel showed that genes _________ across generations

A

retained their IDS across generation

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16
Q

novel phenotypes arise through what?

A
  • recombination (meisos-gametosis- alleles)

- mutation

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17
Q

T/F: DNA is an unstable molecule subject to many factors

A

FALSE - it is relatively stable

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18
Q

How do mutations come about (in respect to DNA and nucelotide base-pairs)

A

errors in “coding’ aren’t caught and translated into genetic material (base subs, base insertions/deletions, inversions, duplications)

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19
Q

What do mutations do in respect to chromosomes/loci?

A

moves gene segments or single/multiple loci within the chromosomes

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20
Q

What does it mean that mutations aren’t truly random?

A

some loci have more of chance to have mutations but still has no significant impact

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21
Q

Mutations are random with respect to _____

A

adaptation

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22
Q

T/F: Most mutations are neutral/deleterious and rarely result with benefit

A

True!

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23
Q

How does the chance of a beneficial mutation occurring increase?

A

build up of neutral/nearly-neutral mutations acted on by GSE over time

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24
Q

What is gametogensis?

A

Process of meiosis where diplod cells divide to produce haploid gametes

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25
What mixes up existing genetic variation/the existing gene pool of variation?
recombination (sex) - independent assortment - crossing over
26
In reproduction, what is driving recombination forces produce the immense variation of gentotypes among gametes?
- crossovers | - independent assortment of maternal/paternal chromatids
27
Fusion of gemetes of different individuals further increases ______
genetic diversity
28
Where does recombination get its genetic info?
the pool of existing alleles (including conserved mutations)
29
What accounts for most of the genetic diversity of a population at a given time?
Recombination
30
What is the source of genetic variation?
MUTATIONS
31
How were mutations experimentally used?
to define gene actions and where they reside
32
What are the "classical" and "balanced" school of population genetic theory?
check handout
33
According to experiments that support the "balanced" school what percent of loci from studied organisms had 2 or more allelic forms? They were heterozygous from what percent of their loci?
20-85% | 5-20%
34
What does the HW equilibrium tell us?
What the predicted frequencies of genes will be in the next generation
35
What does HW prove in respect to recombination?
sexual reproduction does not constantly drive evolution (alter genotype frequencies)
36
T/F: HW shows that no real evolution is going on
True
37
What are the requirements for HW rule?
- Pop size is infinite - equal sex ratios w/ random mating (no sexual selection) - no gene flow (immigration/emmigration of genotypes - no natural selection - no mutation or its canceled out
38
HW rules states that genotype freq will reach equilibrium state in _________
a single generation
39
Why is HW still useful even though it never really happens?
- "close enough" only a small sample is taken so there is a large buffer for error that covers up the effects of the violations - helps realized the violating factors are the mechanisms for evolution
40
T/F: Most of the time loci DO NOT adhere to HW.
FALSE: most go along with HW predictions, only large events are detected
41
What does it mean when HW has "no memory"
It only includes the genes in the pool that are present at the moment -if genes are added/removed it will reach a new equilibrium in the next generation, disregarding any genes that existed before
42
What are the random factors that drive evolution? (disturb H-W)
GSE (founder effect, bottlenecking, drift) Mutation (minor)
43
What are the directional factors that drive evo?
``` Gene flow (not really sexual selection natural selection ```
44
GSE is ____ related to population size
inversly
45
What is GSE?
random effects that reduce the pool of existing genetic variation
46
When does GSE usually occur?
When the population size is small that only a small set of genes can be expressed
47
What are the subcategories of GSE?
Genetic drift is the title but is also broken down - Founder effect - Bottlenecking
48
T/F: GSE strongly effects specific types of populations in specific situations?
FALSE: most natural pops are strongly effected (on a spatial and temporal scale)
49
What is founders effect?
When a pop is established by a small number of colonists, those reproduce with only a small subset of genes and technically have lost variation present in the larger population and end up developing a different genetic code
50
What is bottleneck effect?
Pop is reduced dramatically due to some effect and lots of genes and variation are lost and freq altered dramatically
51
How can genes be re-introduced/restored?
Gene Flow - immigration of genes back into the population
52
What aspect of evolution is an important counterbalance in microevolutionary dynamics? Why?
gene flow - it can restore genes lost for any reason and it "promotes" genetic homogeneity of populations - it can dull the effects of natural selection
53
When is gene flow usually negated?
Geographic isolation
54
What is gene flow?
the immigration and emmigration of individuals carrying/bringing in/out genes with them
55
Speciation is tied to the negation of _____
gene flow
56
What is the problem of gene flow on large population scales?
Its not able to counteract the genetic drive/structuring of populations created by natural selection and genetic drift
57
HW is disrupted by what 4 factors?
mutation genetic sampling error gene flow selection
58
What out of the 4 HW violations alter allele freq at random?
GSE, mutation, GF
59
Selection is oriented with respect to ______ and serves to counteract the influences of ____,___, and __.
adaptation GSE mutation GF
60
What is the prime driver in evolutionary change? why?
Selection | it diversifies organisms through promoting adaptation to divergent modes of life
61
Selection is meaningless when it does not involved _____
genetic variation
62
T/F: in variation, the variants are rarely ever equal in adaptive value
True!
63
What is the expression for the relative difference in variation of individuals
fitness
64
What is selection equal?
1- fitness (w)
65
What are the three key aspects of the relation between fitness and selection
1) fitness is expressed in terms of reproductive success (with a allele or genotype) 2) selection OCCURS to INDIVIDUALS 3) selection happens anytime before the complete creation of the next individual (aka sperm/seeds affected as well)
66
Why is fitness only expressed in terms of reproduction?
Non-survival matters only in its implications for reproduction (one who makes more with adequate genes is more fit than one with "better"genes and does without descendants)
67
Does selection act or occur? To alleles or individuals?
OCCURS to INDIVIDUALS (mainly) | alleles = long term
68
What are fitness components?
attributes that affect reproductive success in organisms
69
Each fitness component is given a _____ which reflects
value that reflects relative reproductive success of any variant states
70
The fitness of an individual is equal to _______ in a set of fitness components
the lowest value (in the set)
71
T/F: Overall fitness can be measured directly
FALSE : its a prediction of the future using the measured appropriate fitness components of the present
72
______ may stabilize, direct, or disrupt the existing pattern of genetic variation in a pop through time
selection
73
Rate of evo change is dependent on (2 general things)
- intensity of selection | - contributions of random influences (GSE, mutation, GF)
74
Population size plays a critical role in defining the effects of _____, below a certain size ______ becomes too weak to direct evolutionary change
GSE selection
75
What is "stabilizing selection?"
fitness value and genotype freq distributions overlap | -the dominant mode where the general pop. reaches a moderate lv of adaptation to the environment.
76
What is "directional selection"?
fitness values and genotype freq distributions are offset | -over time the offset will fall back into stability (normal things happening)
77
What is "disruptive selection?"
directional selection where are multiple peaks in the distribution of fitness values; genotypes diverge and create "separate morphs"
78
_____ is the consequence of indv differences in fitness
natural selection
79
Fitness is a relative measure of ________ which depends on both ______ and the ______ at the given time.
individual (genotypical) reproductive success - genetic composition of the pop - state of environment
80
T/F: if population or environment changes, fitness still remains the same
FALSE: it changes and can change multiple times in a lifetime
81
Define adapataion
a feature (BPM) that improves ability to come with a physical/biotic environmental condition
82
T/F: an adaptation is always the result of selection
True! they cannot be deleterious
83
Adaptations are defined in reference to ____ and _____
the environment and others in the population
84
What is the difference between fitness and adaptation? (refer to lect. 6 tables)
It is an absolute term, multiple individuals can have the same values for adaptation or many adaptations
85
T/F: two individuals may have the same fitness values
FALSE: in terms of value one has to be at least slightly better in a certain fitness component
86
T/F: only genotypes (alleles in long term) can have fitness
True!
87
Adaptation of a pop or species is simply what?
the sum of the results of selection occurring at an individual level
88
T/F: fitness and adaptation refer to the same things
FALSE
89
Explain how a high fitness genotype can have low adaptation.
Birds with flamboyant colors to attract females also attract predators
90
What is the mice example of high fitness but low adaptation? (double check with notes later)
Mice with Tt genes with "t" giving sperm that is better at fertilizing eggs but those born homozygous "tt" are fertile or die
91
What is the "runaway" process?
when female sexual selection causes male attributes to be so extreme it reduces adaptation greatly to the environment
92
Adaptive strategies of organisms depend on? (2 things)
- how the organism perceives the environment | - predictability/stability of limiting resources
93
What are fine and coarse grained species?
``` fine = uniform environment perceived coarse = patchy environment perceived ```
94
Fine grain species are generalist or specialists? Coarse grain?
generalist | specialist
95
What conditions promote r-strategists? K-strategists?
unpredictable/unstable = r | opposite for K
96
What strategy does predictable,unstable conditions promote
z-strategist
97
What is z-strategist?
ones that have slowly diminishing populations that wait for better conditions to come back (double check this)

College Biology & Ecology II (21 decks)

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