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College Biology & Ecology II > UQ Terrestrial Ecology > Flashcards

UQ Terrestrial Ecology Flashcards

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1
Q

Terra Australis

A

The southern land

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2
Q

What is convergent evolution

A

unrelated species showing similar traits (ex: wolf and Tasmanian tiger)

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3
Q

What are monotremes

A

Mammals that lay eggs

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4
Q

Describe the birth process of marsupials

A

Short gestation period

  • young born the size of a bean with barely any features
  • weaned in pouch until maturity
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5
Q

What are eutharians?

A

Mammals that have young mature in placenta before birth

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6
Q

Describe the extinction of Thylacine

A

extinct on mainland 4k years ago and then hunted to extinction on Tasmania 6 years before protection

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7
Q

Who introduced dingos?

A

Asians

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8
Q

The “Shadeless Forest” refers to

A

“the Bush” - eucalyptus trees

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9
Q

What plant was until recently believed to be extinct?

A

Wollemi Pine

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10
Q

What is Wallace’s Line? What lies one the west and east sides?

A

Abrupt boundary between asian and Australasian fauna. (pretty much from papa new guinea- and east)
West: eutherians
East: marsupials and monotremes

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11
Q

What is divergence

A

Related species that evolve apart due to conditions or random chance

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12
Q

Australia has lots of (general)

A

old stuff
unique stuff
sunny days
wide open space

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13
Q

Australia doesn’t have (general)

A 
tall mountains
big rivers
people
old buildings
snow
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14
Q

Name the longest straight railway and where is it?

A

Indian-Pacific

Nullarbor plain

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15
Q

What is the Southern Oscillation Index?

A

Measure of the cycle between El Nino and La Nina conditons

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16
Q

What does El Nino bring to aussie?

A

drought (below avg rainfall)

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17
Q

What does La Nina bring to aussie?

A

floods (above avg rainfall)

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18
Q

How doe eucalyptus tress orient their leaves and why?

A

Max photosynthesis during cool times when sun is on the horizon, minimizing heat during hottest times of the day (sun overhead)

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19
Q

Describe the locomotion of kangaroos

A

They have “pogo stick” leg tendons that maximize leaping.
Tail is used as a “rudder” for quick direction change
During jumping, gut compresses diaphragm for “free breathing”

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20
Q

Describe the energy level of locomotion of kangaroos

A

At high speeds less energy is spent in comparison to other animals
It spends more energy moving slow in relation to moving fast

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21
Q

What is embryonic Dipause

A

Halting the embryo (at the blastocyst stage) until she can afford to nurture it again

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22
Q

How does a kangaroo handle weaning two joeys at different maturity stages?

A

She can produce different milks with different teats

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23
Q

Why doesn’t much grow inland of aussie?

A

weather conditions AND it constantly gets trampled by livestock

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24
Q

Why is it a good idea to eat kangaroo

A
  • less land degradation than livestock
  • high reproductive potential
  • healthier meat
  • animals better suited for aussie conditions
  • other stuff like jobs, market, etc.
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25
Q

The 3 general parts of the plant

A

reproductive system, shoot system, root system

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26
Q

Give the quick explanation of the history of the universe

A

Nuclear fission (H into He) in the heart of stars releases energy and creates heaver elements that combine to form compounds forming matter (planets) which are spread through the universe by stellar explosions

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27
Q

Explain the Gaia Hypothesis

A

Earth is a living system that keeps itself stable and out of equilibrium.

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28
Q

Scientific definition of life

A

complex arrow of self replicating, carbon based compounds in liquid water.

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29
Q

Why is life carbon based?

A

Because of carbons bonding properties allowing for more complexity

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30
Q

Photosynthesis fixes atmospheric CO2 into _____ sugar

A

burnable

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31
Q

Why is carbon recycled by organisms?

A

respiration and decomposition

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32
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed

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33
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

In energy exchanges in closed systems, the potential energy of the final state will be less than the initial.

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34
Q

Entropy increasing means

A

system move from order to disorder , complex to simple, useful to static

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35
Q

How to get out of the law of thermodynamics?

A

add energy from OUTSIDE the system

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36
Q

In general scientific terms:
water provides -
Food provides -
air provides -

A 
water = liquid solution for complex carbon chemistry
food = fixed carbon (sugar) for fuel and materials
air = oxygen to burn fuel
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37
Q

Water, food, and air come together to provide _____ to do _____

A

energy ; work

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38
Q

Mitosis =

Meiosis =

A

photocopying

halving - recombination

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39
Q

Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? (list the groups that fall under them)

A

prokaryotes (bacteria) lack internal compartments

eukaryotes have organelles (protist, plant, animal, fungi)

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40
Q

What organisms dominate life on earth?

A

bacteria

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41
Q

list the general parts of a plants cell

A 
nucleus
cytoplasm
cell wall
cell membrane
chloroplasts
mitochondria
vacuole
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42
Q

Pros and cons of being sessile

A

Pros
fixed cells that don’t expend a lot of energy
local food source
Cons
must take whatever mother nature brings; ultimate defense/survival
reproduction barriers

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43
Q

Respiration in plants take place in what organelle

A

mitochondria

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44
Q

Waste products of plants are

A

CO2 and water

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45
Q

What is the plant respiration formula?

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy

glucose + oxygen -> CO2 + water + energy

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46
Q

What is the photosynthesis formula?

A

6 CO2 + 12 H2O (light)-> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O

CO2 + water (in light) -> sugar + oxygen + water

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47
Q

What system is the plants solar panel?

A

shoot system

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48
Q

T/F: Organisms do not fight entropy

A

FALSE - constantly “defying” entropy

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49
Q

What is the trade-off for having huge photosynthesizing leaves?

A

Increased surface area for water loss

More energy needed to produce leaves

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50
Q

How does the plants move nutrients and water around?

A

water and minerals transported by xyelm

  • roots use energy absorb nutrients
  • water goes down by osmosos
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51
Q

Where does plant transpiration happen?

A

water loss through leaves by stomata

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52
Q

How do plants transport sugars?

A

energy used to pump sugar down the phloem (pressure from build up of sap) to non photosynthesizing parts
-water moves through by osmosis

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52
Q

Shoot and roots store resources in the _____ and _____

A

Pith and outer cortex

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53
Q

The vascular tissues of a plant are called ___ and ___ and how are they arranged?

A

Phloem and xylem and in rings and veins

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54
Q

What is the redundant thick walled xylem?

A

Wood

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55
Q

Pores that allow gas exchange

A

Guard cells

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56
Q

What opens and closes stomata and how does it work?

A

Guard cells

-open by swelling with osmosis

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57
Q

When must stomata be open?

A

During photosynthesis and xylem movement

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58
Q

T/F: the majority of plants live independently

A

FALSE

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59
Q

What is mycorrhizae? What does it do?

A

Symbiotic relationship between plant roots and fungi. Increases surface area

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60
Q

What as an ecological limiting factor?

A

Scarce resources

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61
Q

The three roles in nutrient recycling

A

Producer - consumer - decomposer

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62
Q

The 2 elements most difficult to get

A

Nitrogen and phosphorous

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63
Q

How do plants get their nitrogen?

A

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria-makes nitrate for plants - root symbiosis

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64
Q

Give a plant example of root symbiosis with n-fixing bacteria

A

Pea plants (legumes)

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66
Q

What do n-fixing bacteria use to make nitrate?

A

Ammonia

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67
Q

What do ammonification bacteria do?

A

turn nitrogen in waste into ammonium

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68
Q

What do dentrification bacteria do?

A

they return nitrogen to the amosphere

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69
Q

What are meristems? (name two types) and Where are they located?

A

areas of the plant that grow/regenerate via mitosis
(apical = heigWhereht) (lateral = width)
-bud where the leaf meets the stem

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70
Q

Name the parts of the flower

A
  • sepal
  • petal
  • Stamen : anther and filament
  • Carpel : pistil - stigma - style - ovary
  • nectary
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71
Q

How do plants avoid self-pollination?

A

reproductive parts mature at different times

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72
Q

T/F: plants with their qty of seeds dispersed are very successful

A

FALSE - rare for seeds to be dispersed and germinate and grow to maturity

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73
Q

What is palaeomagnetism

A

the study of the magnetic history of rocks

74
Q

What is circumpolar distribution?

A

Something that is seemingly distributed in a line of circumference of the planet

75
Q

Mid oceanic ridges vs subduction zones

A

ridges are underwater mountain ranges

subduction zones are deep ocean trenches

76
Q

What did the super continent Godwana consist of?

A

Australia, Antartica, Africa, India, New Zealand, New Caledonia, New Guinea, South America

AAA I NNN S

77
Q

What does it mean when Aussi is geologically stable?

A

no tectonic activity (rather on the rim of Aussie - new guinea and new zealand)

78
Q

What what direction was Aussie “built

in

A

From west to east

79
Q

What is a key attribute of the western aussie rocks?

A

SUPPER OLD

80
Q

What a laterite?

A

“fossil soils”

mounds of rock that used to be on valley floors until everything around it eroded

81
Q

What is the Great Artesian Basin?

A

Water collected underground through porous sandstone that can be collected

81
Q

What is the Great Escarpment

A

Great chain of mountains in the east

82
Q

Why is extinct volcanic soil prime?

A

Contains a lot of very nutrient basalt

83
Q

What is Rainshadowing?

A

The eastern ridges interfere clouds and only have rain on one side

84
Q

The Australian soil is low in nutrients which in turn does what to the ecosystem?

A

Limits it’s productivity

85
Q

5 factors of soil formation

A 
Topography
Climate
Age
Parent rock
Organisms
87
Q

Why is there usually more vegetation at the bottom of rock mounds

A

Run off of rocks and nutrients to the surrounding soil

88
Q

What defines Aussie landscapes?

A

Plants

89
Q

What defines the height of the canopy?

A

the height of the tallest foliage

90
Q

What is the “life form” of a plant

A

The form the plant takes on in its mature form (ex: tree, shrub, etc)

91
Q

What is foliage projective cover?

A

% cover of the canopoy

92
Q

Describe Sclerophyll leaves

A

thick, rigid and tough hard leaves
made with really woody and fibrous tissue and thick cuticles
drab-green color
pointed down

93
Q

Sclerophyll is an adaptation for… (3 things)

A

low nutrient soils
fighting herbivores
water strees

94
Q

Describe the Acacias

A

Shrubs/short trees
flat stem leaves- phyllodes
Nitrogen fixers

95
Q

Describe the Casuarina

A
  • no leaves; photosynthetic stems instead
  • nitrogen fixers
  • adapted for poor nutrients
96
Q

The photosynthetic stems of the casuarina are called

A

cladodes

97
Q

What are ericoid leaves? What plants are they found on?

A

flat, tiny, reduced sclerophyll leaves

-heath and pea plants

98
Q

Describe xanthorrea

A
  • “grass trees”

- super adapted to fire and flowers after fire

99
Q

Describe “wet sclerophyll”

A

Sclerophyll canopy
Rainforest understory
-maintained by fire

100
Q

Describe the difference between dry sclerophyll, wet scleropyll, and rainforest

A 
dry = firephilic, no shade, open
wet = moisture, fire facors sclerophylls
rain = fire fearing, closed canopy
101
Q

What resets the clock on wet scleropyll

A

fiyuh

102
Q

The major generalist herbivore of plant biomass

A

fiyuh

103
Q

The Fire Equation - 3 components of fire

A

fuel load
wind
temperature

104
Q

Why is sclerophyll good for burning?

A

highly flamable woody tissue
low rate of decomposition (litter build up)
open canopy allows wind
oils in certain plants

105
Q

Two ways for plants to survive after fire

A

resprouting

reseeding

106
Q

Two methods of resprouting

A

epicormic buds
lignotubers
-both insulated in bark or ground

107
Q

What is serotiny

A

having seeds protected in woody capsules and opened after exposure to heat

108
Q

What is flash frying?

A

intense but quick fire to do the job but not penetrate the plant

109
Q

Why reseed after fire?

A

no competition
space created
fewer predators

110
Q

T/F: Evolution works for the good of the species

A

FALSE - the individual to give an advantage to them and their offspring

110
Q

Explain the “kill thy neighbor” process in plants with fire

A

A more fire adapted plant burns others less adapted around it as well and then reseeds it’s offspring in the cleared area to make more well adapted plants

111
Q

Describe the aboriginals method of using fire and what was the landscape result?

A

Used it control burn so nicer grass would come back and attract roos- left the landscape on a mosaic of burn and unburnt patches

112
Q

What is the only element that can be co trolled by us in the fire equation?

A

Fuel load

114
Q

How do sclerophyll leaves preserve nutrients?

A

Make durable leaves out of lignin (carbon oxygen and nitrogen ) -> cheap materials.
Longer lasting leaves and ergonomic shape for better investment
Preserves crucial materials like nitrogen and phosphorus

115
Q

Sclerophyll has rainforest ancestry so what sort of condition did it develop an adaptation for?

A

Low nutrient soils (and possibly defense against herbivores)

116
Q

What is xeromorphy?

A

plant adaptations for low moisture availibility

117
Q

T/F: Wet sclerophyll has more diversity in terms of sclerophyll forests

A

FALSE - more types of dry sclerophyll

118
Q

What happens to eucalyptus branches when they become shaded?

A

The plant drops the “dead weight”

119
Q

T/F: Eucalyptus trees don’t benefit from termites

A

FALSE - termites add decomposition through breaking down the tree and also providing their own waste. they also make holes to shelter other animals who also provide nutrients through waste

120
Q

What does “eucalyptus” mean and what does it refer to?

A

“well covered” and it refers to the operculum which covers the flower in a bud

121
Q

What is heath?

A

low growing vegetation on extremely low nutrient soils

122
Q

T/F: Heath lands have heaps of high plant diversity

A

True

123
Q

What are the 3 different types of heath?

A

Dry heath - doop porous
Wet - waterlogged heath
Montane - exposed mountain tops, extreme climates, rough soild

124
Q

List the root adaptations for low nutrient soils

A

teaming up with nitrogen fixing bacteria
mychorrhizae
cluster roots

125
Q

What are cluster roots?

A

plants that resist mycorrhizae make “root mats”

126
Q

Harsh/variable conditions prevent _______

A

competitive exclusion

127
Q

Weather =

A

moving energy (hot rising air, cooling cold air)

128
Q

Describe a low pressure cell

A 
warm rising air
YES clouds
brings rain
more energy, strong winds
rotate clockwise
129
Q

Describe high pressure cells

A

cool dry falling air
NO clouds
stable, gentle winds
rotate CCW

130
Q

What is a atm trough?

A

thin long low pressure cell sandwiched between two high pressure

131
Q

Describe the Hadley Cell

A

System that sets the dry arid zones at 30 degree latitude (high pressure areas)
(trade winds)

132
Q

What is orographic rainfall?

A

rain caused by warm air masses (usually from the sea) pushed up by the mountains

133
Q

What is a cold front and where does it come from?

A

mass of cold dense air that generally causes rain “in front of it”

134
Q

Pressure systems and cold fronts move across aussie from ___ to ____

A

west to east (takes about 1 week to get all the way across)

135
Q

Describe winter and summer of aussie

A

wet and dry interpretation
winter - dry cold weather (rain in south)
summer - hot humaid wet weather (rain in north)

136
Q

How did aboriginals interpret seasons?

A

they based it off the actions of animals and plants

137
Q

La Nina brings ___ and how does it tie in to the movement of low and high pressure systems

A

Floods

-high pressure around south america and tahiti “push” low pressures toward aussie

138
Q

El Nino brings ____ and how does it tie into the movement of low and high pressure systems

A

Air pressure in aussie gets higher and pushes low pressure towards tahiti and south america. brings drought

139
Q

What is the Souther Oscillation Index?

A

different in air pressure between tahiti and darwin
positive = la nina
negative = el nino

140
Q

T/F: the SOI provieds a forecast of la nina and el nino

A

FALSE- its unpredictable yo

141
Q

What is Goyder’s Line?

A

A line determining the edge of rainfall suitable for agriculture

142
Q

What is cooperative breeding and what are the upsides? Give an example of an organism

A

when older offspring help parents out with next round of offspring instead of making their own
-increase survival by having more parents to look after them in the unpredictable environment

-kookaburras, magpies, etc

143
Q

What does pleistocene refers to what?

A

mega fauna

144
Q

What is the pleistocene world? how long ago was it?

A

the “ice ages”

2 MYA

145
Q

What were the glacials in aussie?

A

expansion of deserts and forest contractions (instead of ice and snow: sclerophyll formed before the pleistocene period)

146
Q

The extinction of mega fauna came with what and how long ago?

A

arrival of aboriginals

45k years ago

147
Q

What was the alpha predator of the pleistocene period?

A

The megalania - giant lizard

148
Q

The Pleistocene ages were a time of extreme _____ in aussie

A

aridity

149
Q

Describe the theory behind extinction of mega fauna and climate

A

Climate change during the “ice age” of australia caused a lot of stress to the mega fauna and they died out while the surviving species underwent “dwarfing” to cope with the environmental stress

150
Q

T/F: mega fauna extincion happened all at once

A

FALSE - at different times, possibly correlated to human arrival

151
Q

What is Flannery’s Theory

A

“future eaters”

  • aobirignals came and hunted and caused land degradation
  • “ecological aftershock” = europeans came and hunted and caused more land degredation
152
Q

Describe what “future eaters” are

A

human societies that exploit todays resources and mess up the future

153
Q

What is the problem of blaming extinction on the climate? (3 reasons)

A
  • They survive precious “ice ages”
  • extinctions werent correlated with a single climate event
  • animals didnt survive even though the conditions were ideal or move with to the better areas
154
Q

Explain the significance of the charcoal spike in sediment layers in the years between 38k and 100k eyars ago

A

evidence of the arrival of aboriginies and “fire stick farming”

155
Q

Relationship between extinction of mega fauna and fuel loads

A

with the extinction of herbivorous mega fauna less plants eaten so fuel loads for fire built up

156
Q

Flannery argued what about fire stick farming?

A

Aboriginals used it AFTER the extinctions to bring the fuel load to equilibrium

157
Q

What is parismony?

A

selecting the most unlikeley explanation

158
Q

Speculation =

A

untestable hypothesis

159
Q

What climate do the nothofagus antartiuc beech trees reside?

A

cool temperate rainforests

160
Q

What are characteristics that define a rainforest?

A

Closed canopy
complex structure
complex floristics (distribution of species)
epiphytes
buttress roots
vines/lianas
broad compound leaves horizontal to the sun

161
Q

What are pioneer species?

A

smaller trees/shurbs that grow fast and die young

shade intolerant - come out after a clearing in the canopy occurs to grow and reproduce

162
Q

What are climax species?

A

slow growing tress that exist as saplings indefinitely until a bigger tree falls down and takes its place

163
Q

What are the essential decomposers that are the only ones that can digest lignin?

A

Fungi

164
Q

Describe the difference between tropical, sub-tropical, warm temperate rainforests, and cool temeperate

A

leaf size, canopy layers, and diversity decreases trom tropical to cool

All have high rain cept warm temperate

165
Q

What is the difference between monsoon and dry rainforest?

A

small microphyll leaves
lap canopy with dry sparse understorey with lots of vines
Still good soil
alright diversity

166
Q

Prominent seed dispersal method in rainforests is

A

bright fleshy fruits

167
Q

Cauliflory means what?

A

trees presenting flowers/ fruit to advertise/ give better reach to animals

168
Q

35 MYA vegetation landscape was mainly ____

Between 20-15 what happens?

A

rainforest

-long drying process transition to sclerophyll starts

169
Q

What are stromatolites?

A

colonies of photosynthetic cyanobacteria that live in high salinity areas
(many fossils of these found)

170
Q

Two ways to know about past vegetation

A 
plant fossils (leaves, pollen)
climate proxies (geology, oxygen isotopes, charcoal, chemical composition)
171
Q

Vegetation dominant during Jurassic period

A

cycads, conifers, and ferns

172
Q

When did godwana split from laurasia (what period?)

A

During cretaceous period

173
Q

What happened in tertiary period in terms of climate?

A

opened with “greenhouse earth” with no polar ice caps but then started cooling down when the ice caps formed (Antarctica splitting)

174
Q

What changes the global temperature circulation when antartica finally separates form aussie?

A

circumpolar current change

175
Q

How does new guinea form?

A

when the aussie plate collides with south ease asia

176
Q

What is the climate result of the formation of new guinea

A

puts aussie in a rain shadow

177
Q

During the glacial periods, what happened to the sea level?

A

It went lower

178
Q

What is refugia?

A

small areas with its own microclimate providing escape from the changing outer climate, has high concentration of endemic species

179
Q

big different between dry rainforest and sclerophyll forest?

A

sclerophyll is the only one that can tolerate low nutrient soils

180
Q

What seemed to be the most dominant sclerophyll plant before ecualypts?

A

casurainas

College Biology & Ecology II (21 decks)

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