UQ Marine Bio Flashcards by bob joe

T/F: All oceans are connected and in constant ciruclation

True

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Name 3 barriers to water exchange

Salinity
Temperature
Depth

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What does pelagic zone refer to?

Basic water column in the ocean

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What does benthic zone refer to?

the lowest level of a body of water

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T/F: australia has large continental shelves that support growth of marine ecosystems (i.e. coral reefs)

True

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Surface circulation are driven by winds that are deflected by ____

the rotation of the earth

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Name the two CCW gyres of straya

East aussie current EAC

Leeuwin current

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What does the EAC drag to australia? What happens to it eventually?

It drags warm wair (warm water) and then it eventaully pinches off into warm water eddies

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Describe the waters of eddies (made by the EAC)

clear warm water that is low in nutrients

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What does the Leeuwin current flow and what does it do?

Western Australia and brings warm water down past Perth

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How deep is the photic zone?

about 200 meters deep

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3 mechanisms for wave creation

gravity (tides)
wind
seismic (tsunami)

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Size range for sand

2 mm to 62.5 microns

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3 mechanisms for sediment transport in the water column

suspension (light particles in water)
bouncing/saltation
rolling

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Describe longshore transport of sand (in near-shore currents)

tide rolls in
pulls sand out
rolls in again little farther down
deposits previous sand
(all in direction of the wind down the shore)

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Sediment composition (mix) depends on what 2 factors?

current velocity

wave energy

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How does sediment influence water?

Movement of water
chemical interactions (ie. burrowing, bioturbation, binding, baffling)

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T/F: Reef sediments are a mix of abiotic and biogenic deposits

FALSE - completely biogenic

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How does the cyclic immersion and emersion influence organisms?

influences feeding and reproduction

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In respect to orientations of the moon/sun, what position are they in a spring tide? in a neap tide?

spring = sun/moon lined up with each other
neap = moon and sun make a right angle with Earth

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Name the groups related to these terms:
microalgae
macroalgae
angiosperms (3)

phytoplankton
seaweed
3: seagrasses, mangroves, saltmarshes

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What is primary productivity?

rate at which photosynthesis performs

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Gross primary productivity =

Net photosynthesis =

total photosynthesis

photosynthesis - respiration (light rxn-dark rxn)

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What is the most abundant microalgae? (common and scientific name). What percent of the worlds primary productivity do they have?

Diatoms (Bacillariophyta)

20-25%

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What are the two shapes of diatoms?

Pennate (plane-based: rod like) and centric (orb)

Where do the pennate diatoms reside? Centric?

Benthic pennate | pelagic centric

Group responsible for red tides and also symbiotic relationships with anemone/coral

Dinoflagellates (Dinophyta)

What are rhodophyta and where do they reside?

Red macroalgae | Predominantly marine

What is the importance of Rhodophytes?

- source of food (Nori) - high vitamin/protein content - easy cultivation - has many uses

T/F: Rhodophytes (corralines) only play a small role in reef buidling

FALSE- some places have high rhodophyte contribtuion

Algae that uses float bulbs and holdfasts (common and scientific name)

Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)

The most diverse of all algae

Chlorophyta (green algae)

T/F: Seagrasses have a week xylem and phloem

True

Since seagrasses are rooted in anoxic sidements what do seagrasses do to transport O2 from the surface?

Use aerenchyma (spaces within leaves and stem)

Seagrasses inhabit ___ and ___ regions

tropic and temerate

Mangroves are found mainly in ___ regions

tropical

What type of plants are mangroves and what kind of soil do they grow in?

Halophytes in anoxic soils

Why is mangrove soil anoxic?

It is constantly waterlogged so no air spaces for roots to respire

How do mangroves get over the repsiration barrier in anoxic soils?

Aerenchyma | Pneumatophores (roots that stick up out of the soil)

How do mangroves deal with the salty water when transpiring?

- exclude salt while absorbing water - squeezes out salt through leaves - osmoregulation

look at salt masrh plants

ifesiodfs

Salt marshes dominate what areas of marine/aquatic communities

Intertidal regions (protected) in the temperate zones

What is the overall conditions salt-water plants have to adapt to?

anoxic sediments | high salt environments

What was the earliest known chordate

Pikaia from pre-cambrian period

The Devonian period is referred to the age of what?

Age of Fishes

Agnathans are what type of organims?

Jawless fishes

What does extant mean?

existing today

What are the 2 extant agnathans?

hagfish | lamprey

What are Gnathostomata?

Jawed vertebrates

3 evolutionary trends in Agnathans?

- increased motility - stabilizers (pectoral paddles) - reduced armour

Early fishes were simple but then were replaced by advanced ones like the Placoderm which developed ___

a second pair of derived fins

What are Chondrichthyans?

Cartilage fish

What are elasmobranchs?

Sharks and rays (think elastic- cartilage bone)

What are Holocephalans?

Chimaeras

What is a rostrum?

anatomically the "beak" of something

Name some physiological/morphological evolutionary trends of sharks?

development of rostrum or "beack" - cartilage material bones - simpler scales - head/jaw mobility (cranial kinesis)

What are acanthodians?

spiny sharks

What are Osteichthyes

bony fish

Endochondral means having skeletal system consisting of _____

bone

In bony fish what is a major evolutionary trait?

Swim bladder and lungs | -dorsal movement and connection with gut lost

What group of animals still have the gut and swim bladder connected?

Physostomus

What group of animals have the swim bladder separate from the gut?

Physoclistous | think "clippped" connection

What does oligotrophic mean?

Low nutrient waters

What are isobaths

lines that join areas of equal depth

What is a propagule

things floating around in water (mangrove seeds, larvae, etc)

What are isotherms

lines of equal temperature

What is the Indonesian Flowthrough?

The main north current

What is the Torres Strait?

A relatively shallow lane of water that lies inbetween northern Aussie and New Guinea

Being in the southern hermisphere in 30 latitude Aussie is in a sense ___ from Antartica and the antartic circumpolar current

Insulated

What is the condition in the middle of the gyes?

light heat/warm water and high salinity (low nutrients probably)

Rock sand is composed of

silicate

Bio sand is composed of

calcium carbonate

The oxygenation of sediment depends on

the density of the sediment | clay needs high velocity sandstone doesnt

Mud is composed of ____ setttling out

very fine particles settling out