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anatomyyyy y2s1 > upper respiratory tract > Flashcards

upper respiratory tract Flashcards

1
Q

what are the organs of the upper respiratory tract?

A

nose
nasal cavity
oral cavity
pharnyx
larynx
Trachea
bronchi
lung

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2
Q

what does pharynx continue as?

A

esophagus

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3
Q

what does larynx continue as?

A

trachea

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4
Q

what level of vertebrae does pharynx and larynx end at?

A

C6

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5
Q

in relation to the cricoid cartilage where does the pharynx and larynx end?

A

lower border of cricoid

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6
Q

where does the upper respiratory tract extend from?

A

from the nose to the larynx

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7
Q

what does the lower respiratory tract extend from?

A

from larynx and whats below it

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8
Q

what are the cavities above and below the palate and whats the relationship between them and the palate?

A

above the palate is nasal cavity —> palate will form the floor of the nasal cavity

below the palate is oral cavity –> palate forms the roof of oral cavity

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9
Q

what forms the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

ethmoid bone —-> cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

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10
Q

what does the roof of the nasal cavity contain?

A

olfactory nerve

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11
Q

which cranial nerve is olfactory nerve?

A

cranial nerve 1

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12
Q

what is the shortest and fastest cranial nerve?

A

cranial nerve 1 –> olfactory nerve

Fastest because it has to cross less area = why drug addicts sniff drugs for fast results

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13
Q

whats the extension of the dorsum of the nose?

A

extends from the root to the apex

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14
Q

whats the opening of the nose called?

A

nostril

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15
Q

what forms the anterior part of the nostril?

A

Anterior nasal apertures

Nares

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16
Q

what forms the lateral part of the nostril?

A

alae of the nose

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17
Q

what are the 2 main components of the nose?

A

bone

hyaline cartilage

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18
Q

wheres the bone located and whats the characteristitc of it?

A

the bone part is the bridge of the nose

Posteriorly found

it is immovable

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19
Q

wheres the hyaline cartilage part found and whats the characteristic of it?

A

its the anterior part in front of the bone part

it is movable / mobile

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20
Q

whats the function of the hyaline cartilage part?

A

it provides protections

when you break your nose only the posterior boney part ( bridge ) is broken because the hyaline cartilage part offers protection

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21
Q

what forms the floor of nasal cavity?

A

palate

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22
Q

what divides the nasal cavity into right side and left side?

A

nasal septum ( medial wall )

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23
Q

what forms the anterior part of the nasal septum?

A

septal nasial cartilage

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24
Q

what forms the upper posterior part of the nasal septum?

A

perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

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25
Q

what forms the lower posterior part of the nasal septum?

A

vomer bone

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26
Q

whats the normal position of the nasal septum?

A

its almost always deviated from the midline

due to several reasons including trauma

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27
Q

what happens when its severely deviated?

A

it will be in contact with the lateral wall leading to obstruction of breathing –> SNORING

corrected surgically

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28
Q

what are the turbinate bones projecting from the lateral wall as shelves?

A

conchae

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29
Q

what the function of the conchae?

A

increase respiratory surface of the nose

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30
Q

how many conchae we have?

A

3

super
middle
inferior

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31
Q

whats beneath each conchae?

A

meatus

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32
Q

how many meatus do we have?

A

3

superior
middle
inferior

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33
Q

whats the area between the superior conchae and sphenoid bone?

A

spheno ethmoid recess

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34
Q

whats the origin of conchae?

A

superior and middle —> ethmoid bone

Inferior —> separate bone

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35
Q

what are the air filled spaces that are named according to the bone they are located in?

A

para nasal sinuses

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36
Q

what are the nasal sinuses that we have ?

A

frontal
ethmoidal
maxillary
Sphenoidal

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37
Q

which sinus opens into the superior meatus ?

A

posterior ethmoidal

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38
Q

which sinus open into the middle meatus?

A

all except posterior ethmoidal and sphenoidal

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39
Q

which sinus open into the spheno ethmoidal recess?

A

sphenoidal sinus

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40
Q

which sinus opens into the inferior meatus?

A

no sinus

nasal lacrimal ducts

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41
Q

whats the clinical significance of the sinuses?

A

because they are continuous with nasal cavity infection in the nasal cavity often spread to the sinuses

inflammation causes swelling of the mucous membrane inside the nose

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42
Q

what lines the vestibule of the nose?

A

skin and mucosa lines the entire nasal cavity

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43
Q

whats the name of the upper 1/3 of the nasal cavity?

A

olfactory area

contains peripheral organ of smell

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44
Q

whats the name of the lower 2/3 of nasal mucosa?

A

respiratory area

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45
Q

whats the composition of the palate?

A

anterior hard portion

posterior soft portion

46
Q

what does the posterior soft palate continue as ?

A

uvula

47
Q

whats the function of uvula and soft palate?

A

during swallowing the soft palate moves posteriorly against the wall to prevent stuff from regurging to the nasal cavity

When uvula is paralyzed if person drinks water = water will go to the nasal cavity same with food and other drinks

48
Q

what could cause uvula and soft palate paralysis?

A

vagus nerve

49
Q

whats the muscular organ that is situated in the floor of the mouth?

A

tongue

50
Q

whats the function of the tongue?

A

taste
Speech
mastications
deglutition

51
Q

what are the 2 parts of the tongue?

A

base of the tongue –> immobile and is in the pharynx ( pharyngeal part )

anterior part of the tongue –> mobile and is found in the oral cavity

52
Q

what separates both parts from each others?

A

V shaped sulcus terminalis

53
Q

what are the 2 types of muscles in the tongue and function of each?

A
  • intrinsic muscles are responsible for changing the shape of the tongue

-extrinsic muscles are responsible for the movement

54
Q

what are the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Genioglossus –> FORMS THE BULK OF THE MUSCLE

Styloglossus

Hyoglossus

palatoglossus

55
Q

whats the origin and function of the genioglossus ?

A

genial tubercle of the mandible

insert in the tongue

protrude and depressing of the tongue ( forward and downward )

56
Q

whats the origin and function styloglossus ?

A

styloid process of the temporal bone

insert in the lateral side of the tongue

opposite to the genioglossus : retraction and superiorly : backward upward

57
Q

whats the origin and function hyoglossus ?

A

greater and lesser horns of hyoid bone

insert in the lateral side of the tongue

depression of the lung

58
Q

what happens when theres excessive relaxation of the genioglossus muscle of the tongue?

A

the tongue will go backward and block the pathway leading to obstructive sleep apnea

59
Q

what do you do when someone is asleep and the tongue is blocking the pathway?

A

chin lift and extend the neck

60
Q

whats genioglossus advancement?

A

pulling the tongue muscle forward by pulling the bone below the front teeth mandible forward –>reduce obstructive sleep apnea

61
Q

whats the musculofascial half cylinder that links the oral and nasal cavities in the head to the larynx and esophagus in the neck?

A

pharynx

62
Q

what the common pathway for food and air?

A

in the pharynx both food and air will pass but then the air will go through the inlet and food will continue to the esophagus

63
Q

where is the pharynx attached to ?

A

base of the skull

64
Q

whats the level of termination of pharynx?

A

C6 level

continue as esophagus

65
Q

whats the pharynx attached to anteriorly ? and what does it form?

A

attached to the nasal cavity and oral cavity and larynx

forming:

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

66
Q

how is the oropharynx seen?

A

through open motuh and depressing the mouth directly

67
Q

how is the nasopharynx and laryngopharynx seen?

A

inspected via angled mirror

68
Q

what keeps the nasopharynx patent?

A

pharyngobasilar fascia

69
Q

what are the 2 characteristitcs of the nasopharynx?

A

auditory tube –> equalize pressure in the middle ear and atmosphere

nasopharyngeal tonsil : when enlarged adenoids لحميه : when enlarged it will be obstruct nasal cavity leading to adenoid face –> open mouth

70
Q

what are 2 functions of oropharynx?

A

it has digestive and respiratory function

closes completely behind swallowed bolus : otherwise it is open for breathing

71
Q

whats the main feature of oropharynx?

A

palatine tonsil :لوز

72
Q

what are the 2 folds that line the palatine tonsil?

A

palatogolsseal fold ( from anteriorly )

palatopharyngeal fold ( from posteriorly )

73
Q

where does the palatine tonsil place on ?

A

tonsillar fossa

74
Q

what happens when the palatine tonsil gets enlarged?

A

palatine tonsils

Abcess may develop and causes airway obstruction

75
Q

whats the other name of laryngopharynx?

A

hypopharynx

76
Q

how does the larnygopharynx communicates with the larynx?

A

inlet of the larynx

77
Q

whats a fossa that is found on the inlet?

A

piriform fossa

78
Q

whats location of the piriform fossa?

A

located in the laryngeal part of the pharynx

79
Q

whats the function of piriform fossa?

A

foreign bodies when enter the pharynx they will be on the piriform fossa

80
Q

whats the extension of the larynx on compared to the cervical vertebrae?

A

lies anterior to the midline

from c3 to c6

At c6 larynx becomes trachea

81
Q

what forms the external skeleton frame of the larynx?

A

cartilage

82
Q

what forms the internal structures of the larynx?

A

vocal cords

associated muscles

83
Q

whats the function of larynx?

A

channel air out of trachea

vibrate to produce sound for speech/song

84
Q

what are the single unpaired cartilage of the trachea?

A

thyroid

cricoid

epiglottis

85
Q

what are the paired cartilages of the trachea ( coupled )

A

aytenoids

Corniculate –> found on top of aytenoids

cuneiform –> found in the membrane

86
Q

what are the 2 process of aytenoids?

A

vocal process anteriorly

muscular process posteriorly

87
Q

whats the nerve supply of all muscles except cricothyroid muscle ?

A

left recurrent larygneal

88
Q

what is the nerve supply cricothyroid muscle?

A

external laryngeal

89
Q

describe the cricoid cartilage?

A

ONLY complete cartilaginous ring in the respiratory system

90
Q

whats lies anteriorly in the boundaries of the laryngeal inlet?

A

epiglottis

91
Q

what lies posteriorly in the boundaries of the laryngeal inlet?

A

interarytenoid fold of the mucous membrane

92
Q

what lies on the sides of the laryngeal inlet?

A

aryepiglottic fold

93
Q

what lies laterally to the aryepiglottic fold?

A

piriform fossa

94
Q

whats the extension of thyroidhyoid membrane?

A

lower border of hyoid bone

upper border of thyroid cartilage

95
Q

what are the 2 thickening of the thyrohyoid membrane?

A

median part thickening : median thyroid ligament

posterior border thickening on the sides :

Lateral thyrohyoid ligament

96
Q

whats the opening found in the thyrohyoid membrane and what passes through it?

A

aperture for internal laryngeal vessels

97
Q

whats the other name of cricothyroid membrane?

A

conus elasticus

98
Q

describe cricothyroid membrane?

A

triangular

based attached to the arch of cricoid

apex : attached to the median surface of thyroid cartilage

99
Q

what does the upper border of the cricothyroid membrane forms?

A

vocal ligament

100
Q

what does the anterior part thicken to form?

A

anterior part of the cricothyroid membrane thickens to form cricothyroid ligament

101
Q

whats the clinical significance of cricothyroid ligament?

A

its use for trachectomy in emergencies : cut to get rid of foreign materials

102
Q

describe quadrate membrane?

A

free at the top
attached posteriorly at the bottom to the arytenoid cartilage and anteriorly to the side of epiglottis

103
Q

what does the lower free margin of the quadrate membrane form?

A

false vocal cord —> vestibular ligament

104
Q

what does the upper free border forms ?

A

forms the aryepiglottic ( lateral sides of the inlet ) ligament which encloses the cuniforms and the corniculate cartilage

105
Q

whats the hyoepiglottic ligament?

A

ligament that attaches the hyoid to the epiglottis

106
Q

whats thyroepiglottic ligament?

A

ligament that connects the thyroid to the epiglottis

107
Q

whats cricotracheal membrane?

A

connects cricoid to the 1st tracheal cartilage ring

108
Q

describe laryngeal cavity?

A

the inlet : ary epiglottic fold ( from quadrate membrane upper border of it ) is in almost vertical plane

the vestibule : superior the vestibular fold ( lower margin of quadrates ligament )

the ventricle : between vestibular fold and vocal folds ( vocal fold from cricothyroid membrane upper border )

infraglottic space : below vocal folds and lead to trachea

109
Q

whats do you do when someone is chocking on food?

A

helmilch maneuver

press on the diaphragm and thorax

110
Q

whats helmilch maneuver in infants?

A

hit the back of the infant instead of pressing on the diaphragm

111
Q

what membrane can be used in emergencies?

A

cricothyroid membrane

cricothyrotomy

anatomyyyy y2s1 (12 decks)

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