upper respiratory tract Flashcards
what are the organs of the upper respiratory tract?
nose
nasal cavity
oral cavity
pharnyx
larynx
Trachea
bronchi
lung
what does pharynx continue as?
esophagus
what does larynx continue as?
trachea
what level of vertebrae does pharynx and larynx end at?
C6
in relation to the cricoid cartilage where does the pharynx and larynx end?
lower border of cricoid
where does the upper respiratory tract extend from?
from the nose to the larynx
what does the lower respiratory tract extend from?
from larynx and whats below it
what are the cavities above and below the palate and whats the relationship between them and the palate?
above the palate is nasal cavity —> palate will form the floor of the nasal cavity
below the palate is oral cavity –> palate forms the roof of oral cavity
what forms the roof of the nasal cavity?
ethmoid bone —-> cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
what does the roof of the nasal cavity contain?
olfactory nerve
which cranial nerve is olfactory nerve?
cranial nerve 1
what is the shortest and fastest cranial nerve?
cranial nerve 1 –> olfactory nerve
Fastest because it has to cross less area = why drug addicts sniff drugs for fast results
whats the extension of the dorsum of the nose?
extends from the root to the apex
whats the opening of the nose called?
nostril
what forms the anterior part of the nostril?
Anterior nasal apertures
Nares
what forms the lateral part of the nostril?
alae of the nose
what are the 2 main components of the nose?
bone
hyaline cartilage
wheres the bone located and whats the characteristitc of it?
the bone part is the bridge of the nose
Posteriorly found
it is immovable
wheres the hyaline cartilage part found and whats the characteristic of it?
its the anterior part in front of the bone part
it is movable / mobile
whats the function of the hyaline cartilage part?
it provides protections
when you break your nose only the posterior boney part ( bridge ) is broken because the hyaline cartilage part offers protection
what forms the floor of nasal cavity?
palate
what divides the nasal cavity into right side and left side?
nasal septum ( medial wall )
what forms the anterior part of the nasal septum?
septal nasial cartilage
what forms the upper posterior part of the nasal septum?
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
what forms the lower posterior part of the nasal septum?
vomer bone
whats the normal position of the nasal septum?
its almost always deviated from the midline
due to several reasons including trauma
what happens when its severely deviated?
it will be in contact with the lateral wall leading to obstruction of breathing –> SNORING
corrected surgically
what are the turbinate bones projecting from the lateral wall as shelves?
conchae
what the function of the conchae?
increase respiratory surface of the nose
how many conchae we have?
3
super
middle
inferior
whats beneath each conchae?
meatus
how many meatus do we have?
3
superior
middle
inferior
whats the area between the superior conchae and sphenoid bone?
spheno ethmoid recess
whats the origin of conchae?
superior and middle —> ethmoid bone
Inferior —> separate bone
what are the air filled spaces that are named according to the bone they are located in?
para nasal sinuses
what are the nasal sinuses that we have ?
frontal
ethmoidal
maxillary
Sphenoidal
which sinus opens into the superior meatus ?
posterior ethmoidal
which sinus open into the middle meatus?
all except posterior ethmoidal and sphenoidal
which sinus open into the spheno ethmoidal recess?
sphenoidal sinus
which sinus opens into the inferior meatus?
no sinus
nasal lacrimal ducts
whats the clinical significance of the sinuses?
because they are continuous with nasal cavity infection in the nasal cavity often spread to the sinuses
inflammation causes swelling of the mucous membrane inside the nose
what lines the vestibule of the nose?
skin and mucosa lines the entire nasal cavity
whats the name of the upper 1/3 of the nasal cavity?
olfactory area
contains peripheral organ of smell
whats the name of the lower 2/3 of nasal mucosa?
respiratory area
whats the composition of the palate?
anterior hard portion
posterior soft portion
what does the posterior soft palate continue as ?
uvula
whats the function of uvula and soft palate?
during swallowing the soft palate moves posteriorly against the wall to prevent stuff from regurging to the nasal cavity
When uvula is paralyzed if person drinks water = water will go to the nasal cavity same with food and other drinks
what could cause uvula and soft palate paralysis?
vagus nerve
whats the muscular organ that is situated in the floor of the mouth?
tongue
whats the function of the tongue?
taste
Speech
mastications
deglutition
what are the 2 parts of the tongue?
base of the tongue –> immobile and is in the pharynx ( pharyngeal part )
anterior part of the tongue –> mobile and is found in the oral cavity
what separates both parts from each others?
V shaped sulcus terminalis
what are the 2 types of muscles in the tongue and function of each?
- intrinsic muscles are responsible for changing the shape of the tongue
-extrinsic muscles are responsible for the movement
what are the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Genioglossus –> FORMS THE BULK OF THE MUSCLE
Styloglossus
Hyoglossus
palatoglossus
whats the origin and function of the genioglossus ?
genial tubercle of the mandible
insert in the tongue
protrude and depressing of the tongue ( forward and downward )
whats the origin and function styloglossus ?
styloid process of the temporal bone
insert in the lateral side of the tongue
opposite to the genioglossus : retraction and superiorly : backward upward
whats the origin and function hyoglossus ?
greater and lesser horns of hyoid bone
insert in the lateral side of the tongue
depression of the tongue
what happens when theres excessive relaxation of the genioglossus muscle of the tongue?
the tongue will go backward and block the pathway leading to obstructive sleep apnea
what do you do when someone is asleep and the tongue is blocking the pathway?
chin lift and extend the neck
whats genioglossus advancement?
pulling the tongue muscle forward by pulling the bone below the front teeth mandible forward –>reduce obstructive sleep apnea
whats the musculofascial half cylinder that links the oral and nasal cavities in the head to the larynx and esophagus in the neck?
pharynx
what the common pathway for food and air?
in the pharynx both food and air will pass but then the air will go through the inlet and food will continue to the esophagus
where is the pharynx attached to ?
base of the skull
whats the level of termination of pharynx?
C6 level
continue as esophagus
whats the pharynx attached to anteriorly ? and what does it form?
attached to the nasal cavity and oral cavity and larynx
forming:
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
how is the oropharynx seen?
through open motuh and depressing the mouth directly
how is the nasopharynx and laryngopharynx seen?
inspected via angled mirror
what keeps the nasopharynx patent?
pharyngobasilar fascia
what are the 2 characteristitcs of the nasopharynx?
auditory tube –> equalize pressure in the middle ear and atmosphere
nasopharyngeal tonsil : when enlarged adenoids لحميه : when enlarged it will be obstruct nasal cavity leading to adenoid face –> open mouth
what are 2 functions of oropharynx?
it has digestive and respiratory function
closes completely behind swallowed bolus : otherwise it is open for breathing
whats the main feature of oropharynx?
palatine tonsil :لوز
what are the 2 folds that line the palatine tonsil?
palatogolsseal fold ( from anteriorly )
palatopharyngeal fold ( from posteriorly )
where does the palatine tonsil place on ?
tonsillar fossa
what happens when the palatine tonsil gets enlarged?
palatine tonsils
Abcess may develop and causes airway obstruction
whats the other name of laryngopharynx?
hypopharynx
how does the larnygopharynx communicates with the larynx?
inlet of the larynx
whats a fossa that is found on the inlet?
piriform fossa
whats location of the piriform fossa?
located in the laryngeal part of the pharynx
whats the function of piriform fossa?
foreign bodies when enter the pharynx they will be on the piriform fossa
whats the extension of the larynx on compared to the cervical vertebrae?
lies anterior to the midline
from c3 to c6
At c6 larynx becomes trachea
what forms the external skeleton frame of the larynx?
cartilage
what forms the internal structures of the larynx?
vocal cords
associated muscles
whats the function of larynx?
channel air out of trachea
vibrate to produce sound for speech/song
what are the single unpaired cartilage of the trachea?
thyroid
cricoid
epiglottis
what are the paired cartilages of the trachea ( coupled )
aytenoids
Corniculate –> found on top of aytenoids
cuneiform –> found in the membrane
what are the 2 process of aytenoids?
vocal process anteriorly
muscular process posteriorly
whats the nerve supply of all muscles except cricothyroid muscle ?
left recurrent larygneal
what is the nerve supply cricothyroid muscle?
external laryngeal
describe the cricoid cartilage?
ONLY complete cartilaginous ring in the respiratory system
whats lies anteriorly in the boundaries of the laryngeal inlet?
epiglottis
what lies posteriorly in the boundaries of the laryngeal inlet?
interarytenoid fold of the mucous membrane
what lies on the sides of the laryngeal inlet?
aryepiglottic fold
what lies laterally to the aryepiglottic fold?
piriform fossa
whats the extension of thyroidhyoid membrane?
lower border of hyoid bone
upper border of thyroid cartilage
what are the 2 thickening of the thyrohyoid membrane?
median part thickening : median thyroid ligament
posterior border thickening on the sides :
Lateral thyrohyoid ligament
whats the opening found in the thyrohyoid membrane and what passes through it?
aperture for internal laryngeal vessels
whats the other name of cricothyroid membrane?
conus elasticus
describe cricothyroid membrane?
triangular
based attached to the arch of cricoid
apex : attached to the median surface of thyroid cartilage
what does the upper border of the cricothyroid membrane forms?
vocal ligament
what does the anterior part thicken to form?
anterior part of the cricothyroid membrane thickens to form cricothyroid ligament
whats the clinical significance of cricothyroid ligament?
its use for trachectomy in emergencies : cut to get rid of foreign materials
describe quadrate membrane?
free at the top
attached posteriorly at the bottom to the arytenoid cartilage and anteriorly to the side of epiglottis
what does the lower free margin of the quadrate membrane form?
false vocal cord —> vestibular ligament
what does the upper free border forms ?
forms the aryepiglottic ( lateral sides of the inlet ) ligament which encloses the cuniforms and the corniculate cartilage
whats the hyoepiglottic ligament?
ligament that attaches the hyoid to the epiglottis
whats thyroepiglottic ligament?
ligament that connects the thyroid to the epiglottis
whats cricotracheal membrane?
connects cricoid to the 1st tracheal cartilage ring
describe laryngeal cavity?
the inlet : ary epiglottic fold ( from quadrate membrane upper border of it ) is in almost vertical plane
the vestibule : superior the vestibular fold ( lower margin of quadrates ligament )
the ventricle : between vestibular fold and vocal folds ( vocal fold from cricothyroid membrane upper border )
infraglottic space : below vocal folds and lead to trachea
whats do you do when someone is chocking on food?
helmilch maneuver
press on the diaphragm and thorax
whats helmilch maneuver in infants?
hit the back of the infant instead of pressing on the diaphragm
what membrane can be used in emergencies?
cricothyroid membrane
cricothyrotomy
