Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

anatomyyyy y2s1 > hypothalamus > Flashcards

hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

how does the brain start developing ?

A

it starts as a tube then 2 constriction occur then it divides the brain into 3 parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the 3 parts of the brain that form from the 2 constriction?

A

forebrain

midbrain

hindbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which ones grow slowly compared to the others?

A

the hindbrain and midbrain grow much slower than the FOREBRAIN

Forebrain is faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the components of the forebrain?

A

Telencephalon

diencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does the telencephalon consist of?

A

cerebral cortex

Basal ganglia

also forms the lateral ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does diencephalon consist of?

A

thalamos

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

which part of the forebrain grows faster?

A

the telencephalon grows much faster than the diencephalon and it covers it like a mushroom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the function of the hindbrain?

A

vital autonomic functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the function of the midbrain?

A

relay for visual and auditory signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the function of the thalamus?

A

sensory relay ( receives all signals b4 reaching the cortex except the signals from olfactory )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the function of hypothalamus?

A

autonomic and endocrine function control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

wheres the diencephalon located?

A

sandwiched between the cerebral cortex and it includes both thalamus and hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does the diencephalon serve as?

A

station between the brainstem and cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

describe the lateral ventricles of the brain?

A

c shaped cavities located deep within each cerebral hemisphere –> expand in the hemisphere forming cavities

sits on top of the 2 thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what forms the 3rd ventricle?

A

the 2 lateral ventricles join together and form the 3rd ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the diencephalon divided into to?

A

Posterior diencephalon

anterior diencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does the dorsal ( posterior ) diencephalon consist of?

A

Epithalamus

Thalamus

Metathalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does the ventral ( anterior ) diencephalon consist of?

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is optic chiasm ?

A

area between the 2 superior optic canals where both optic nerves cross each others

it is anterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is found between the 2 thalamus?

A

3rd ventricle coming from lateral ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where do descending tracts and ascending tracts has to go through?

A

the diencephalon because it a station between the brainstem and cerebral cortex and the thalamus receives signals from everywhere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what connects the 2 thalamus together?

A

interthalamic connection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where is the hypothalamus located?

A

anterior inferior

below the third ventricle and the thalamus

base of the brain

above the optic chiasm and the pituitary stalk ( infundibulum )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what forms the base of the brain?

A

the inter peduncular fossa ( area between the 2 peduncles of the brain ( stems )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is anterior to the inter peduncular fossa?

A

optic chiasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

describe the relations of the interpedunclar fossa?

A

it is between the 2 peduncles

above the pons –> pons are above the medulla oblangata

posterior to the optic chiasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are the relations of the hypothalamus?

A

Superiorly : continuous with the thalamus at the hypothalamic sulcus

inferiorly : Continuous with the midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A

coordinate hunger / satiety

coordinate thirst

coordinate sexual behaviors

temperature regulations

coordinate sleep and circadian rhythms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the blood supply of the hypothalamus ?

A

circle of willis coming from the internal carotid artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is hypothalamic sulcus ?

A

groove that separates the thalamus and hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

where is the midbrain located compared to the hypothalamus?

A

posteriorinferior to the hypothalamus but they are continuous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are neuroendocrine cells?

A

nerves system cells that act as endocrine cells -produce hormones and secrete into blood stream

Found in GIT, Lung, Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what are the 4 regions of the hypothalamus?

A

Preoptic area –> in front of the optic chiasm

Supraoptic region –> between optic chiasm and the infundibulum

Tuberal region –> behind infundibulum

mammillary region —> most posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what nuclei is found in the preoptic area?

A

preoptic nucleus –> in front of optic chiasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what are the nucleis found in the supraoptic region?

A

Periventricular nucleus —> surrounding the third ventricle

paraventricular nucleus –> more lateral to the periventricular

Lateral hypothalamic nucleus –> most lateral one and extends posteriorly to the tuberal region

Supraoptic nucleus –> ABOVE the optic chiasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what are the nucleus found in the tuberal region ?

A

Periventricular –> surrounding the third ventricle ( same in the supraoptic area )

Lateral hypothalamic nucleus –> most lateral ( same in the supraoptic region )

Arcuate nucleus –> on top of the optic tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is the function of preoptic nucleus?

A

regulate the release of gonadotropic hormones ( LH, FSH ) from adenohypohpysis —-> the anterior pituitary gland

it secretes gonado releasing hormone and gonado inhibiting

it was in the preoptic region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

where do the axons of the preoptic nucleus go?

A

they go to the capillaries in the anterior pituitary gland ( adenohypophysis )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is the median eminence?

A

the area where the axons start emptying into capillary bed —> for example the preoptic nucleus axons empty into it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

which nucleus doesnt empty in the median eminence or the capillaries ?

A

Paraventricular –> ( Oxytocin ) –> found in supraoptic region

Supraoptic —> ( ADH ) –> found in supraoptic region

these hormones will go directly to posterior pituitary

41
Q

what is the function of lateral hypothalamic nucleus ?

A

induce eating

if it is damaged it will cause anorexia and starvation

it was found in the supraoptic region

also found in the tuberal region

42
Q

what is the function of supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei?

A

secrete ADH —> supraoptic

secrete oxytocin —> paraventricular

both are found in the supraoptic region only

damage would lead too –> less ADH ( supraoptic ) –> diabetes insipidus

43
Q

where do the axons of paraventricular and supraoptic?

A

since they produce ADH and oxytocin which are posterior pituitary gland hormones

they are going directly to the posterior pituitary –> neurohypophysis NOT THE MEDIAN EMINENCE

44
Q

what is the function of arcuate/infundibular nucleus and where is it found?

A

found in the tuberal region ( third one ) js below the 3rd ventricle

produce hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones most notability GHRH

45
Q

where do the arcuate nucleus axons go to?

A

since it produces releasing and inhibitory hormones this means they go to the anterior pituitary gland —> median eminence ( capillary bed ) –> adenohypophysis

46
Q

what is the function of periventricular nucleus and where is it found?

A

it is found in both 2nd ( supraoptic ) and 3rd ( tuberal ) regions like the lateral hypothalamic ( induces eating )

it produces TRH

47
Q

where do the axons of periventricular nucleus go to?

A

it produces TRH will go the anterior pituitary –> so median eminence ( adenohypophysis )

48
Q

what is the master of endocrine glands?

A

pituitary gland

49
Q

where is the location of the pituitary gland ?

A

middle cranial fossa

inside sella turcica of the sphenoid bone ( BODY OF THE SPHENOID BONE )

50
Q

describe the sella turcica?

A

saddle shaped fossa it is in the middle of the sphenoid body

also called hypophyseal fossa

51
Q

where is the location of pituitary fossa?

A

in the middle of the sella turcica

52
Q

what will a tumor compress if it grows anteriosuperioly?

A

structures that are anterior to the sella turcica ( optic canal and superior orbital fissure )

optic chiasm ( optic nerves ) –> cranial nerve 2

oculomotor nerve –> cranial nerve 3

trochlear nerve –> cranial nerve 4

abducens nerve –> cranial nerve 6

Trigeminal nerve 1st branch opthalmic ( cranial nerve 5 )

all these run in the optic canal (optic nerve ) and superior orbital fissure

53
Q

what is the condition that result from tumor progressing anteriorly and presses on optic chiasm?

A

bitemporal hemianopia

54
Q

what will the tumor compress if it goes posteriorly ?

A

the tumor will compress the brainstem and basilar artery —> high mortality

55
Q

what will the tumor compress if it goes superiorly?

A

on top of the sella tunica theres dura matter the tumor has to break through it to expand more

56
Q

what is the name of the dura matter above the sella tunica?

A

diaphragma sella

57
Q

what will the tumor compress if it grows laterally?

A

the cavernous sinus which has cranial nerves and blood vessels

58
Q

what will the tumor compress if it grows downwards?

A

sphenoid sinus –> empty on spheno ethmoidal sinus

59
Q

what are the parts of the anterior lobe and adenohypophysis ?

A

Pars distalis ( anterior )

Pars intermedia

Pars tuberalis

60
Q

what is pars distalis / anterior?

A

the true glandular part of the anterior pituitary gland that has the endocrine cells and secrete hormones

61
Q

what is pars intermedia?

A

cyst full of colloid fluid

has cells that secrete melanocytes stimulating hormone ( MSH

62
Q

what is pars tuberalis?

A

glandular tissue that surrounds the median eminance and the infundibular stem

contain portal venules of hypophyseal portal system

63
Q

what is infundibular stem?

A

neurotissue that descends down to connect the hypothalamus to the pituitary glands –> neurohypophysis

it surrounded by pars tuberalis

64
Q

what is infundibulum?

A

infundibular stem + pars tuberalis and the hypophyseal portal vessels

65
Q

describe posterior pituitary gland ( neurohypophysis )?

A

connected to the hypothalamus through hypothalamo hypophyseal tract – stores hormones secreted by hypothalamic nuclei

66
Q

what are the 3 parts of posterior pituitary gland?

A

pars nervosa

infundibular stem ( neural tissue connecting the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland )

median eminence ( where the axons empties into capillaries )

67
Q

what is the origin of adenohypophysis ?

A

rathkes pouch

adenohypophysis is not neural tissue

68
Q

what is rathkes pouch ?

A

ectoderm part outpocketing from the roof of the primitive mouth

it grows upward and moves towards the brain and pinches off from the oral cavity towards the base of diencephalon

69
Q

what will the anterior part of rarthkes pouch give raise to?

A

pars distalis –> the true endocrine part

70
Q

what will the posterior part of ratthkes pouch give raise to?

A

pars intermedia –> cyst filled with colloid –> secretes melanocyte stimulating hormones

71
Q

what will the neurohypophysis descend downward as?

A

it is from neuroectoderm and it will go downward as infundibulum stem to the rathkm the pouch then it is gonna get surrounded by pars tuberalis to anchor the pouch

72
Q

what will the infudibulum extend down as?

A

pars nervosa main part of posterior pituitary gland

73
Q

what is the upper portion of infudibulum will be?

A

median eminence

74
Q

what is an congenital anomaly related to the rathk pouch?

A

it doesnt migrate fully to its supposed to location and then it gets stuck in the nasopharynx

it will be indicates as a dimple in the mucosa above the nasopharyngeal tonsil in the adult

75
Q

what is the location where rathkes supposed to be at?

A

stomedeum

76
Q

what will happen if the rathke pouch stays in the nasal cavity?

A

it will become accessory anterior lobe in the pharyngeal wall

may become tumor –> cranio pharyngiomas inside the sphenoid bone

77
Q

what is diaphragma sellae?

A

dura matter that is found superiorly to the sella tuncica and it separates the pituitary from the hypothalamus

ONLY DURA MATTER COVERES THE PITUITARY GLAND NO ARCHNOID OR PIA MATTER

78
Q

why is there no archnoid or pia matter covering pituitary gland?

A

cuz it should be protected from the CSF presure

79
Q

what is empty sella syndrome?

A

when the central aperture of the the diaphragma sellae where the infudibulum pass through becomes larger than it should be and archnoid matter and pia matter pass through

will lead to CSF accumulation and compression of gland and atrophy

80
Q

what are the relations of sellae turcica?

A

superiorly —> diaphragma sellae

inferiorly –> sphenoidal air sinus

anterio superiorly –> optic chiasm

posteriorly –> dorsum selle and brainstem + basilar artery

laterally cavernous sinuses and its contents

81
Q

which cranial nerve is CN1?

A

olfactory

82
Q

which cranial nerve is CN2?

A

optic

83
Q

which cranial nerve is CN3?

A

oculomotor

84
Q

which cranial nerve is CN4?

A

trochlear nerve

85
Q

which cranial nerve is CN5?

A

Trigeminal nerve

86
Q

what are the components of trigeminal nerve?

A

1 –> opthalmic nerve

2—-> maxillary nerve

3—-> mandible nerve

87
Q

what is cranial nerve 6?

A

aducens nerve

88
Q

what is an adenoma?

A

commonest tumor of pituitary gland –> from chromophobe cells

89
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of adenoma?

A

pressure on cavernous sinsus —> exophthalmos ( bulging of the eye ) and paralysis of the eye muscles supplied by CN 3 ( OCULOMOTOR ), CN4 ( TROCHLEAR ), CN 6 ( ABDUCENS )

pressure on the central part of the optic chiasm –> loss of temporal fields vision

downward growth of tumor —> breaks sella turcica –> enlargement of the hypophysial fossa

90
Q

what does the neurohypophysis of the pp have?

A

axons of the supra optic ( ADH ) and paraventricular nuclei ( oxytocin )

91
Q

what is the name of the terminal end of the supraoptic/paraventricular nuclei axon?

A

herring bodies

92
Q

how does the adenohypophysis communicates with the hypothalamus?

A

via portal veins

the cell bodies are located in the hypothalamus transport and releasing and inhibitory hormones to the adenohypophysis

the axons of the hypothalamus nuclei will empty into the capillary bed in the median eminence

93
Q

what are the arteries the blood supply of pituitary gland?

A

superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries –> branches of internal carotid artery )

94
Q

what does the superior hypophyseal artery supply?

A

infundibulum and forms capillary network which vessels pass downward and form sinusoid into the anterior lobe of pituitary gland –> hypophyseal portal system

95
Q

what does the inferior hypophyseal artery supplies?

A

supplies posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

96
Q

what are the veins of the blood supply of the pituitary gland?

A

hypophyseal veins drain into cavernous sinuses

97
Q

what is the approach used to remove pituitary tumor?

A

trans nasal / trans sphenoidal approach

gland approached via the roof of nasal cavity ——-> removing rostrum of sphenoid bone and then passing through the sphenoid sinus to reach the pituitary gland

98
Q

what structures passes through optic canal?

A

cranial nerve 2 –> optic nerve

ophthalmic artery

99
Q

what structures pass through the superior orbital fissure?

A

cranial nerve 3 –> oculomotor nerve

cranial nerve 4 —> trochlear nerve

cranial nerve 5.1 –> ophthalmic division of trigeminal

cranial nerve 6–> abducens nerve

superior ophthalmic vein

100
Q

what structures pass through foramen rotundum ?

A

cranial nerve 5.2 —> maxillary division of trigeminal nerve

101
Q

what structures pass through foreman ovale?

A

cranial nerve 5.3 –> mandibular division of trigeminal nerve

anatomyyyy y2s1 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions