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anatomyyyy y2s1 > thyroid gland > Flashcards

thyroid gland Flashcards

1
Q

what forms the thyroid gland?

A

it is formed by 2 lobes

right and left lobes

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2
Q

what connects the lobes of the thyroid gland?

A

they are connective via isthmus

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3
Q

when is thyroid visible?

A

it is not visible under normal conditions

but visible during swallowing

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4
Q

what is the extension of thyroid gland in respective of the vertebrae?

A

C5-T1

HYOID BONE - C3

THYROID CARTILAGE - C4/C5

Cricoid cartilage C6

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5
Q

what does the isthmus overlie ?

A

the connection between the right and left lobe

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6
Q

what the extension of the isthmus in respective to cartilage rings?

A

2nd 3rd and 4th

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7
Q

what forms the lateral side that extend from the thyroid cartilage to the 6th tracheal cartilage?

A

lateral lobes of the thyroid gland

so at the 6th tracheal cartilage it is T1

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8
Q

where does the thyroid gland develop from ?

A

it is from the oral pharynx as well js like the rathke pouche

from the nasopharyngeal tonsils

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9
Q

since both rathke pouch and thyroid gland come from the oropharynx what is the difference?

A

the rathke pouch ascends upwards to the brain area

the thyroid gland descends down to the neck area

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10
Q

what is the thyroglossal duct?

A

short time connection that still connects to the thyroid from the neck to the pharynx

epithelial tube /fibrous cord

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11
Q

what happens to the thyroglossal duct in adults?

A

it disintegrates and disappear

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12
Q

when does the gland starts functioning ?

A

4 months of intra uterine life

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13
Q

what is thyroglossal duct cyst?

A

a condition where part of the thyroglossal duct has not disappeared and its remnants will form cyst

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14
Q

where is the cyst usually seen ?

A

near or within the body of hyoid bone

they form swellings in the anterior part of the neck

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15
Q

where the possible locations where the thyroid gland/cyst might form along its way going down?

A

if it is in the tongue –lingual thyroid

if it is below the tongue –> sublingual thyroid

in front of the trachea/larynx —> prelaryngeal / pretracheal thyroid

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16
Q

what is it called when the thyroid gland gets stuck in the trachea before the rings are even formed?

A

it will get stuck inside the trachea itself —> Intrathoracic thyroid
Retrosternal thyroid

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17
Q

is the thyroid gland same in everyone?

A

no it has variations

Sometimes Isthmus is absent and sometimes there are projections

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18
Q

what is pyramidal lobe?

A

inconstant upward projection from the isthmus or the lateral lobe and it attaches to the hyoid bone

represent embryological descent of the thyroid

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19
Q

from which side does the pyramidal lobe usually project from?

A

the left side

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20
Q

how does the pyramidal lobe connect to the hyoid bone?

A

Levator glandulae thyrideae

fibromuscular extension from hyoid bone to the isthmus / pyramidal lobe

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21
Q

what is a true capsule?

A

fibrous capsule

it is peripheral condensation of connective tissue of the GLAND ITSELF

so its a capsule surrounding the gland itself

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22
Q

what is false capsule ?

A

fascial capsule that surrounds the true fibrous capsule

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23
Q

describe the thickness of the false fascial capsule?

A

it is thick anteriorly

but posteriorly it is weak and thin

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24
Q

what happens when a tumor starts to grow inside the capsule ?

A

it will stop pushing forward because it is hard and thick anteriorly and it will push posteriorly since it is weaker

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25
Q

what are the structures found posteriorly to the thyroid lobe?

A

Trachea

treacheoesophageal groove

esophagus

if tumor grows it will cause dysphagia and difficulty breathing

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26
Q

what runs in the tracheoesophageal groove?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

if it is stretched it will cause hoarseness of the voice

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27
Q

what does the false fascial capsule thickens to form?

A

it thickens to form the suspensory ligament of berry

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28
Q

what is the function of suspensory ligament of berry ?

A

it attaches the thyroid lobe to the cricoid cartilage

then it will make it so that the thyroid moves with the cricoid cartilage

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29
Q

what is present in the space between true fibrous capsule and false fascial capsule?

A

parathyroid gland

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30
Q

what is the difference between the thyroid gland and prostate in respective of venus plexus ?

A

Thyroid gland has the venus plexus deep to the true capsule –> it is within the true capsule, SO during surgery we have to remove the gland itself with the true fibrous capsule to avoid bleeding

Prostate –> venous plexus it is between the true fibrous and false fascial capsule –> in surgery we can take the prostate alone and leave the capsule behind

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31
Q

what is the shape of the lobes of thyroid gland?

A

cone shaped

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32
Q

where is the apex located?

A

apex extends to oblique line of thyroid cartilage

sandwiched between inferior constrictor and sternothyroid

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33
Q

which muscles lies medially to the apex of thyroid lobe?

A

inferior constrictor

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34
Q

which muscles lies LATERALLY to the apex of thyroid lobe?

A

sternothyroid

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35
Q

where is the base of the thyroid lobe located?

A

located between 5-6 tracheal cartilage

36
Q

what are the 3 surfaces of thyroid lobe?

A

anterolateral

posterolateral

medial

37
Q

what are the borders of thyroid lobe?

A

anterior border

posterior border

38
Q

what are the branches of vagus nerve?

A

superior laryngeal nerve

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

39
Q

what are the divisions of the superior laryngeal nerve?

A

external laryngeal nerve

internal laryngeal nerve

40
Q

what does the internal laryngeal nerve supply?

A

mucosa of larynx ABOVE the level of the vocal fold

41
Q

what is cricothyroid muscle?

A

muscle extending from cricoid to thyroid

42
Q

what is the function of cricothyroid muscle?

A

stretch the vocal cords to make the voice higher in pitch

43
Q

what is the nerve supplying the cricothyroid muscle?

A

external laryngeal nerve

44
Q

what is the muscle posterior/deep to the thyroid gland?

A

inferior constrictor

45
Q

what is the muscles anterior/superficial to the thyroid gland ?

A

sternothyroid

46
Q

what are the structures related to the medial surface of the thyroid gland ?

A

2 tubes

2 muscles

2 nerves

47
Q

what are the 2 tubes related to the thyroid gland ?

A

larynx / trachea

Pharynx / esophagus

48
Q

what are the 2 nerves related to the medial surface of the thyroid gland ?

A

external laryngeal nerve –> supply cricothyroid

recurrent laryngeal nerve

49
Q

what are the 2 muscles related to the medial surface?

A

inferior constrictor

cricothyroid

50
Q

what lies on the posterolateral surface ?

A

carotid sheath and its contents

51
Q

what lies in the anterolateral surface?

A

all the muscles

Strap muscles

52
Q

where is the location of the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

it is not specific and very variable

53
Q

what is the artery running in the anterior border?

A

anterior descending branch of superior thyroid artery

54
Q

what is found in the posterior border of the thyroid gland?

A

anastomosis of the superior and inferior thyroid artery

parathyroid gland

lower part of thoracic duct

55
Q

what is anterior to the isthmus?

A

sternothyroid and sternohyoid muscle

56
Q

what is posterior to the isthmus?

A

2nd 3rd 4th tracheal rings

57
Q

what is superior to the ishmus?

A

pyramidal lobe

levator glanduli thyroidae

58
Q

what is inferior to the isthmus ?

A

inferior thyroid veins

59
Q

what are the veins of the thyroid gland?

A

superior

middle

inferior –> inferior border of the isthmus

60
Q

where do the veins of the thyroid gland empty to?

A

brachiocephalic vein

61
Q

what is the blood supply of the thyroid gland? ( arteries )

A

superior thyroid artery

inferior thyroid

thyroidea ima artery

62
Q

where does the superior thyroid artery come from?

A

external carotid artery

63
Q

what does the superior thyroid artery divide into to?

A

anterior and posterior branches

64
Q

what does it supply?

A

upper 1/3 of the lobes

upper half of isthmus

65
Q

where does the inferior thyroid artery come from?

A

branch of thyrocervical trunk

15% of ppl it is from subclavian

66
Q

what does the inferior thyroid artery supply?

A

lower 2/3 of lobes

lower half of isthmus

67
Q

where does the thyroidea ima artery come from?

A

in 3% individuals from the brachiocephalic trunk

68
Q

what are the veins of thyroid gland?

A

superior thyroid

middle thyroid

inferior thyroid vein

4th thyroid vein of kocher

69
Q

where does the superior thyroid vein drain into?

A

upper part of thyroid gland

ends in internal jugular vein

70
Q

where does the middle thyroid vein drain from?

A

middle thyroid gland

empty in internal jugular vein

71
Q

where does the inferior thyroid vein drain from?

A

drain inferior part of the gland

plexus infront of trachea

empty to the left brachiocephalic

72
Q

where does the 4th thyroid vein of kocher empty to?

A

form betweeen middle and inferior vein

drain into Internal jugular vein

73
Q

where is the lymphatic drainage of the upper part of the gland?

A

upper deep cervical

via prelaryngeal , pretracheal , paratracheal nodes

74
Q

where is the lymphatic drainage of the lower part thyroid gland?

A

lower deep cervical nodes

75
Q

what is the nerve supply of the gland?

A

superior cervical sympathatic ganglia

middle cervical sympathetic ganglia

inferior cervical sympathetic ganglia

76
Q

how do the nerves reach the gland?

A

cardiac , superior and inferior thyroid , peri arteriolar plexuses accompanying the thyroid arteries

77
Q

what type of fibers are the nerves supplying the gland?

A

vasomotor

not secreto motor

78
Q

what is horners syndrome?

A

when the sympathetic ganglia get removed cuz it appeared like a lymph node

79
Q

what are the complications that could happen due to thyroidectomy?

A

injury to the external laryngeal nerve –> paralysis of cricothyroid muscle

injury of the recurrent laryngeal nerve –> hoarsensess of the voice or stridor

injury to the cerivcal sympathetic trunk or sympathetic ganglion—> due to confusion with lymph nodes –> horners syndrome

80
Q

what are the possible variations of the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

4% intrathyroid

42% paratracheal

48% tracheosoph groove

6% parasophageal

81
Q

what happens in cases of atrophy of one lobe due to tumor?

A

the other lobe will hypertrophy to compensate

82
Q

what are the changes that happens to the colloid in regard to the activity?

A

inactive gland –> large colloid filled with thyroid and flat cells due to compression

moderately active glands —> cuboid cells and moderate colloid

hyperactive gland –> small colloid and COLUMNAR CELLS

83
Q

what is the blood , lymphatic and nerve supply of the parathyroid gland?

A

same as thyroid

84
Q

what is the embyro origin of the parathyroid gland?

A

3rd and 4th brachial pouches

85
Q

which pouch give raise to the SUPERIOR GLAND?

A

4th pouch

86
Q

which pouch give raise to INFERIOR GLAND?

A

3rd pouch

87
Q

what happens to the inferior gland ?

A

descend with the thymus

anatomyyyy y2s1 (12 decks)

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