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anatomyyyy y2s1 > external ft of the heart > Flashcards

external ft of the heart Flashcards

1
Q

whats the shape of the heart?

A

conical

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2
Q

what are the four borders of the heart?

A

upper
lower
right
left

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3
Q

what are the 4 surfaces of the heart?

A

sternocostal
diaphragmatic
left
right

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4
Q

what are the 2 things that werent mentioned until now

A

apex
base

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5
Q

Apex of the heart where its direct?

A

downward and forward ( like which intercostal muscle )

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6
Q

the apex is mainly formed by what?

A

left ventricle

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7
Q

whats the anatomical position of the apex

A

left 5th intercostal space 3.5 inches from the median plane
- midclavicular line

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8
Q

what overlaps the apex of the heart?

A

left pleura and lung

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9
Q

base of the heart is directed where?

A

backward and to the right

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10
Q

what mainly forms the base of the heart?

A

left atrium and little bit by right atrium

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11
Q

the base of heart lies oppositely to what?

A

T5 -T8

in standing position its T6-T9

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12
Q

what lies posteriorly to the base of the heart?

A

Right pulmonary vein

esophagus

descending aorta

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13
Q

what limits the base of the heart inferiorly?

A

coronary groove containing the coronary sinus

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14
Q

what forms majority of the upper border of the heart?

A

formed by the 2 atrium but mainly the LEFT ATRIUM

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15
Q

what hides the upper border of the heart?

A

pulmonary trunk
ascending aorta
superior vena cava

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16
Q

what mainly forms the right border of the heart?

A

the right atrium

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17
Q

what mainly forms the left border of the heart?

A

left ventricle and part of the left auricle

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18
Q

what mainly forms the lower border?

A

right ventricle and some of the left ventricle

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19
Q

what divides the sternocostal surfacE?

A

its divided into atrial and ventricular portions by the CORONARY GROOVE

Atrium is ABOVE

Ventricular is below

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20
Q

what forms the atrial portion of the sternocostal surface?

A

right atrium

left auricle

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21
Q

what hides the left atrium is hidden by what in the sternocostal surface?

A

pulmonary trunk

Ascending aorta

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22
Q

what forms the ventricular portion of the sternocostal surface?

A

1/3 left ventricle

2/3 right ventricle

both are divided by the anterior interventricular groove

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23
Q

wheres the diaphragmatic surface directed?

A

directed downward and backwards

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24
Q

what forms the diaphragmatic surfaces?

A

formed by both ventricles mainly the left one

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25
Q

what divides the diaphragmatic surfaces?

A

posterior of interventricular groove

26
Q

whats is the diaphragmatic surface related to?

A

central tendon of the diaphragm

left cupola of the diaphragm

27
Q

what mainly forms the left surface?

A

left ventricle mainly

left atrium little bit

28
Q

whats left surface related to?

A

pericardium
left phrenic nerve
left pericardiophrenic vessels

29
Q

whats mianly form the right sruface?

A

right atrium

30
Q

whats the left surface related to?

A

peridcardium

right phrenic nerve

right pericardiophrenic vessel

31
Q

what are the grooves of the heart?

A

1- atrioventricular groove aka coronary groove
2- interatrial groove between the atriums
3- posterior interventricular groove
4- anterior interventricular groove?

32
Q

describe the coronary groove? and what passes through it?

A

circular groove around the heart separating ventricles and atriums and has the coronary sinus and right and left coronary arteries they anastomoses in it too

33
Q

describe posterior interventricular groove?

A

its on the diaphragmtic surface dividing left and right ventricles

34
Q

what runs in posterior interventricular groove?

A

1- posterior descending ( posterior interventricular artery ) which comes from the right coronary artery

2- middle cardiac vein

35
Q

describe the anterior interventricular groove?

A

its on the sternocostal surface on the ventricular portion dividing it into left and right ventricle?

36
Q

what runs in the anterior interventricular groove?

A

anterior descending ( anterior interventricular artery ) which comes from the left coronary artery

2- great cardiac vein

37
Q

whats the name of the fibroserous sac that surrounds the heart?

A

pericardium

peri around

cardium - heart

38
Q

whats the pericardium divided to?

A

fibrous pericardium –>outer

serous pericardium –> inner

39
Q

describe fibrous pericardium?

A

strong outer layer

40
Q

what does the fibrous pericardium fuses with ?

A

walls of the great vessels superiorly

  • central tendon of the diaphragm inferiorly
  • anteriorly to the sternum via sternopericardial ligaments
41
Q

whats the function of the fibrous pericardium?

A

prevent overfilling of the heart.

42
Q

whats the serous pericardium?

A

2 layers enclosed within fibrous pericardium

43
Q

what type of cell forms the serous pericardium?

A

mesothelial layer –> simple squamous epithelium

44
Q

what does the serous pericardium reflect onto?

A

roots of the great vessels

45
Q

what does the serous pericardium consist of?

A

Parietal layer –> outer

visceral layer or the epicardium –> inner

THEY ARE CONTINUOUS

46
Q

whats the parietal layer adherent to?

A

fibrous pericardium

47
Q

whats the epicardium ( visceral ) layer adherent too?

A

the heart itself

48
Q

whats the cavity between parietal layer and visceral

A

pericardial cavity and it has serous fluid

49
Q

whats the function of serous fluid?

A

prevent friction between the layers during contraction of the heart

50
Q

what happens in pericarditis

A

decreased fluid that lead to friction and inflammation

51
Q

whats pericardial effusion and whats the difference between it and peridcardial tamponade?

A

pericardial effusion is increased serous fluid

tamponade is when the increased fluid causes restrictive movement

52
Q

what is pericardiocentesis?

A

procedure where doctor insert a needle to the pericardial cavity to withdraw fluid

53
Q

where do they insert the needle in pericardiocentesis?

A

1- below the xiphisternum in left costoxiphoid angle

2- 4th and 5th LEFT intercostal space

54
Q

what are the 2 sinus of the heart?

A

transverse sinus

oblique sinus

55
Q

whats transverse sinus?

A

hole that passes in front of the superior vena cava and BEHIND the aorta and pulmonary trunk

56
Q

whats the significance of transverse sinus

A

ligature in heart procedures

57
Q

where is the oblique sinus?

A

located behind the heart

58
Q

where does it lie?

A

right and left pulmonary veins and below the vena cava

between the pulmonary veins

posteriorly related to the esophagus

59
Q

whats the nerve supply of the heart ?

A

somatic and autonomic

60
Q

wheres the somatic supply of the heart and what nerve it is?

A

somatic is on the fibrous and parietal pericardium and its by the PHRENIC NERVE

61
Q

where does the autonomic nerve supply of the heart? and what nerve

A

autonomic supply the visceral pericardium and its by 2 :

Vagus nerve –> parasympathetic

sympathetic trunk

62
Q

how is pain referred to to arm and jaw?

A

the lateral cutaneous branch of the 2nd intercostal nerve FROM T2 continue as the intercostobrachial nerve and enter the arm and communicate with the median nerve

anatomyyyy y2s1 (12 decks)

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