external ft of the heart

Question 1

whats the shape of the heart?

Answer 1

conical

Question 2

what are the four borders of the heart?

Answer 2

upper
lower
right
left

Question 3

what are the 4 surfaces of the heart?

Answer 3

sternocostal
diaphragmatic
left
right

Question 4

what are the 2 things that werent mentioned until now

Answer 4

apex
base

Question 5

Apex of the heart where its direct?

Answer 5

downward and forward ( like which intercostal muscle )

Question 6

the apex is mainly formed by what?

Answer 6

left ventricle

Question 7

whats the anatomical position of the apex

Answer 7

left 5th intercostal space 3.5 inches from the median plane
- midclavicular line

Question 8

what overlaps the apex of the heart?

Answer 8

left pleura and lung

Question 9

base of the heart is directed where?

Answer 9

backward and to the right

Question 10

what mainly forms the base of the heart?

Answer 10

left atrium and little bit by right atrium

Question 11

the base of heart lies oppositely to what?

Answer 11

T5 -T8

in standing position its T6-T9

Question 12

what lies posteriorly to the base of the heart?

Answer 12

Right pulmonary vein

esophagus

descending aorta

Question 13

what limits the base of the heart inferiorly?

Answer 13

coronary groove containing the coronary sinus

Question 14

what forms majority of the upper border of the heart?

Answer 14

formed by the 2 atrium but mainly the LEFT ATRIUM

Question 15

what hides the upper border of the heart?

Answer 15

pulmonary trunk
ascending aorta
superior vena cava

Question 16

what mainly forms the right border of the heart?

Answer 16

the right atrium

Question 17

what mainly forms the left border of the heart?

Answer 17

left ventricle and part of the left auricle

Question 18

what mainly forms the lower border?

Answer 18

right ventricle and some of the left ventricle

Question 19

what divides the sternocostal surfacE?

Answer 19

its divided into atrial and ventricular portions by the CORONARY GROOVE

Atrium is ABOVE

Ventricular is below

Question 20

what forms the atrial portion of the sternocostal surface?

Answer 20

right atrium

left auricle

Question 21

what hides the left atrium is hidden by what in the sternocostal surface?

Answer 21

pulmonary trunk

Ascending aorta

Question 22

what forms the ventricular portion of the sternocostal surface?

Answer 22

1/3 left ventricle

2/3 right ventricle

both are divided by the anterior interventricular groove

Question 23

wheres the diaphragmatic surface directed?

Answer 23

directed downward and backwards

Question 24

what forms the diaphragmatic surfaces?

Answer 24

formed by both ventricles mainly the left one

Question 25

what divides the diaphragmatic surfaces?

Answer 25

posterior of interventricular groove

Question 26

whats is the diaphragmatic surface related to?

Answer 26

central tendon of the diaphragm left cupola of the diaphragm

Question 27

what mainly forms the left surface?

Answer 27

left ventricle mainly left atrium little bit

Question 28

whats left surface related to?

Answer 28

pericardium left phrenic nerve left pericardiophrenic vessels

Question 29

whats mianly form the right sruface?

Answer 29

right atrium

Question 30

whats the left surface related to?

Answer 30

peridcardium right phrenic nerve right pericardiophrenic vessel

Question 31

what are the grooves of the heart?

Answer 31

1- atrioventricular groove aka coronary groove 2- interatrial groove between the atriums 3- posterior interventricular groove 4- anterior interventricular groove?

Question 32

describe the coronary groove? and what passes through it?

Answer 32

circular groove around the heart separating ventricles and atriums and has the coronary sinus and right and left coronary arteries they anastomoses in it too

Question 33

describe posterior interventricular groove?

Answer 33

its on the diaphragmtic surface dividing left and right ventricles

Question 34

what runs in posterior interventricular groove?

Answer 34

1- posterior descending ( posterior interventricular artery ) which comes from the right coronary artery 2- middle cardiac vein

Question 35

describe the anterior interventricular groove?

Answer 35

its on the sternocostal surface on the ventricular portion dividing it into left and right ventricle?

Question 36

what runs in the anterior interventricular groove?

Answer 36

anterior descending ( anterior interventricular artery ) which comes from the left coronary artery 2- great cardiac vein

Question 37

whats the name of the fibroserous sac that surrounds the heart?

Answer 37

pericardium peri around cardium - heart

Question 38

whats the pericardium divided to?

Answer 38

fibrous pericardium -->outer serous pericardium --> inner

Question 39

describe fibrous pericardium?

Answer 39

strong outer layer

Question 40

what does the fibrous pericardium fuses with ?

Answer 40

walls of the great vessels superiorly - central tendon of the diaphragm inferiorly - anteriorly to the sternum via sternopericardial ligaments

Question 41

whats the function of the fibrous pericardium?

Answer 41

prevent overfilling of the heart.

Question 42

whats the serous pericardium?

Answer 42

2 layers enclosed within fibrous pericardium

Question 43

what type of cell forms the serous pericardium?

Answer 43

mesothelial layer --> simple squamous epithelium

Question 44

what does the serous pericardium reflect onto?

Answer 44

roots of the great vessels

Question 45

what does the serous pericardium consist of?

Answer 45

Parietal layer --> outer visceral layer or the epicardium --> inner THEY ARE CONTINUOUS

Question 46

whats the parietal layer adherent to?

Answer 46

fibrous pericardium

Question 47

whats the epicardium ( visceral ) layer adherent too?

Answer 47

the heart itself

Question 48

whats the cavity between parietal layer and visceral

Answer 48

pericardial cavity and it has serous fluid

Question 49

whats the function of serous fluid?

Answer 49

prevent friction between the layers during contraction of the heart

Question 50

what happens in pericarditis

Answer 50

decreased fluid that lead to friction and inflammation

Question 51

whats pericardial effusion and whats the difference between it and peridcardial tamponade?

Answer 51

pericardial effusion is increased serous fluid tamponade is when the increased fluid causes restrictive movement

Question 52

what is pericardiocentesis?

Answer 52

procedure where doctor insert a needle to the pericardial cavity to withdraw fluid

Question 53

where do they insert the needle in pericardiocentesis?

Answer 53

1- below the xiphisternum in left costoxiphoid angle 2- 4th and 5th LEFT intercostal space

Question 54

what are the 2 sinus of the heart?

Answer 54

transverse sinus oblique sinus

Question 55

whats transverse sinus?

Answer 55

hole that passes in front of the superior vena cava and BEHIND the aorta and pulmonary trunk

Question 56

whats the significance of transverse sinus

Answer 56

ligature in heart procedures

Question 57

where is the oblique sinus?

Answer 57

located behind the heart

Question 58

where does it lie?

Answer 58

right and left pulmonary veins and below the vena cava between the pulmonary veins posteriorly related to the esophagus

Question 59

whats the nerve supply of the heart ?

Answer 59

somatic and autonomic

Question 60

wheres the somatic supply of the heart and what nerve it is?

Answer 60

somatic is on the fibrous and parietal pericardium and its by the PHRENIC NERVE

Question 61

where does the autonomic nerve supply of the heart? and what nerve

Answer 61

autonomic supply the visceral pericardium and its by 2 : Vagus nerve --> parasympathetic sympathetic trunk

Question 62

how is pain referred to to arm and jaw?

Answer 62

the lateral cutaneous branch of the 2nd intercostal nerve FROM T2 continue as the intercostobrachial nerve and enter the arm and communicate with the median nerve