Upper Respiratory Tract Flashcards
What is the larynx?
The voicebox
Features of the nasal cavity mucosa
Very vascular
Ciliated
Divisions of the nasal mucosa
Olfactory
Respiratory
Features of respiratory nasal mucosa
Stratified columnar epithelium
Ciliated
Vestibule
Nostril hole
What lines the lateral walls of the nose?
Tubinates (3 bones)
3 bones lining the lateral walls of the nose
Superior concha
Middle concha
Inferior concha
Role of turbinates
Produce turbulance in inspired air
This keeps air in the nose for longer, warms and humidifies air
Space beneath each concha
Meatus
What do the meati open into?
Paranasal sinuses
Paranasal sinuses 1) 2) 3) 4)
1) Frontal sinuses
2) Ethmoid sinuses
3) Sphenoid sinuses
4) Maxillary sinuses
Mucosa of the sinuses
Share with nose
Very vascularised, innervated
Why are problems with the frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses easily resolved?
Above nose, so drain into nose with gravity
Why are problems with the maxillary sinuses hard to resolve?
Nose connects with maxillary sinus at top of sinus, so hard to drain with gravity
Anterior boundary of oral cavity
Lips
Superior boundary of oral cavity
1)
2)
3)
1) Maxilla
2) Palatine bone (hard palate)
3) Uvola (soft palate)
Inferior boundary of oral cavity
1)
2)
1) Mandible
2) Myohyoid muscle
Features of anterior 2/3 of toungue
Papillae
Papillae house taste buds
Features of posterior 1/3 of tongue
Lingual tonsil (immune tissue)
Structure dividing anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of tongue
Sulcus terminalis
Types of papillae 1) 2) 3) 4)
1) Fungiform (mid-tongue)
2) Vallate (along sulcus terminalis)
3) Foliate (lateral tongue)
4) Filiform (don’t house taste buds)
Types of tongue muscles
Intrinsic
Extrinsic
Number of teeth in a normal perosn
32
Types of teeth
4 incisors
2 canine
4 premolars
6 molars (including 2 wisdom teeth)
What is the larynx?
A cartilaginous skeleton
Epiglottis
Cartilage disc
Pushed to cover laryngeal inlet during swallwing
Orientation of oesophagus and trachea
Trachea is anterior to oesophagus
Orientation of thyroid and cricoid cartilage
Thyroid cartilage superior to cricoid cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage
Sits posteriorly in trachea
Attached anteriorly to posterior end of thyroid cartilage with vocal ligament
Articulates with posterior aspect of cricoid cartilage
Can swivel on cricoid cartilage to adduct, abduct vocal ligaments
Cartilage in larynx
1)
2)
3)
1) Thyroid
2) Cricoid
3) Arytenoid
Folds of vocal ligaments
1)
2)
1) Vestibular fold (superior)
2) Vocal fold
Function of vestibular fold
Protects vocal fold
Function of vocal fold
Makes sound
Abduction of vocal ligaments
Inspiraiton
Adduction of vocal ligaments
Phonation
Layers of pharynx
1)
2)
3)
1) Nasopharynx
2) Oropharynx
3) Laryngopharynx
What is the pharynx?
Sling of muscles that chose off the mouth, nose, larynx
Muscles making up the pharynx
1)
2)
3)
1) Superior constrictor muscle
2) Middle constrictor muscle
3) Inferior constrictor muscle
Attachment of superior constrictor muscle
Medial pterygoid plate Pterygoid hamulus Pterygomandibular raphe Mylohyoid line of mandible Side of tongue
Attachment of middle constrictor muscle
Hyoid bone
Attachment of inferior constrictor muscle
Arch of cricoid
Oblique line of thyroid
Features in nasopharynx
Pharyngeal tonsil
Opening of auditory tube/eustachian tube into middle ear
Features in oropharynx
Soft palate
Uvula
Epiglottis
Palatine tonsils
Features in laryngopharynx
Epiglottis (boundary between oropharynx and laryngopharynx)
Piriform recess
What is the piriform recess?
Grooves either side of epiglottis provide a path for water
Water isn’t heavy enough to depress the epiglottis
Insertion of all constrictor muscles
Median raphae of pharynx
