Principles of Viscera

Question 1

Two types of viscera

Answer 1

Solid, hollow

Question 2

Layers of hollow viscera
1)
2)
3)
4)

Answer 2

1) Serosa
2) Muscularis
3) Muscosa
4) Lumen

Question 3

Common sites of hollow lumen constriciton

Answer 3

Beginning, end of viscus.

Can be site specific.

Question 4

Example of site-specific contraction of hollow lumen

Answer 4

Where male urethra pierces pelvic floor

Question 5

What does a duct often do as it approaches the wall of a hollow viscus?

Answer 5

Narrows (an orifice)

Question 6

Name of stone that can get caught in an orifice

Answer 6

Calculus

Question 7

Arrangement of muscle in muscularis

Answer 7

Alternating layers of circular and longitudinal muscle

Question 8

Divisions of solid viscera

Answer 8

Outer cortex, inner medulla

Question 9

Two types of sphincters

Answer 9

Anatomical, functional

Question 10

Anatomical sphincter

Answer 10

Localised muscle thickening around the wall of a tubular viscus.
Usually under tension

Question 11

normal state of anatomical sphincter

Answer 11

Under tension

Question 12

Common location of anatomical sphincters

Answer 12

At distal end of ducts, near an external orifice

Question 13

Functional spincter

Answer 13

No localised muscle thickening, orifice narrowed through another mechanism

Question 14

Example of functional sphincter

Answer 14

Bladder

Ureter enters bladder at an oblique angle. When bladder fills, pushes ureters outwards, prevents reflux.

Question 15

Involuntary sphincter

Answer 15

Smooth muscle
Autonomic innervation
1st line of defence

Question 16

Voluntary sphincter

Answer 16

Skeletal muscle
Somatic innervation
2nd line of defence

Question 17

Example of involuntary and voluntary sphincters

Answer 17

In anal sphincters

Superior sphincter is involuntary, inferior sphincter is voluntary

Question 18

Serous membrane

Answer 18

Membrane that covers all or part of a viscus

Lines the body cavity

Question 19

Divisions of serous membrane

Answer 19

Parietal

Visceral

Question 20

Nerve and blood supply of visceral serous membrane

Answer 20

Autonomic nerves

Same blood supply as covered organ

Question 21

Nerve and blood supply of parietal serous membrane

Answer 21

Somatic innervation

Blood supply from abdominal wall

Question 22

Location of peritoneal cavity

Answer 22

Below diaphragm

Question 23

Retroperitoneal

Answer 23

Outside peritoneum

Fixed position

Question 24

Intraperitoneal

Answer 24

Within periotoneal cavity
Attached to mesentary
Movable position

Question 25

Viscera in danger of torsion

Answer 25

Viscera hanging from the end of a mesentary

Question 26

Pattern of referred pain of a heart attack

Answer 26

Felt in skin above heart, under arm

Question 27

Spinal cord segment supplying skin under arm

Answer 27

T1

Question 28

Spinal cord segments supplying heart

Answer 28

T1 - T5

Question 29

Spinal cord segments supplying skin above heart

Answer 29

T2 - T5

Question 30

Location of pain felt from paired viscera

Answer 30

In skin above infected viscus

Question 31

Location of pain felt from unpaired organs

Answer 31

Pain referred to where organ originated in midline (from where it migrated from).

Pain only felt in skin when somatic nerves are involved

Question 32

Reason for unpaired viscera referred pain felt in midline

Answer 32

Developmental.

Unpaired viscera originate in the midline, and migrate outwards.

Question 33

Pain felt from inflamed appendix

Answer 33

Initial pain is felt in midline

Pain shifts to left when parietal peritoneal becomes inflamed (has a somatic nerve supply)