Lower Respiratory Tract Flashcards
Parts of thoracic cavity
1)
2)
3)
1) Left
2) Right
3) Pulmonary cavity
Four parts of the parietal pleura
1) Cervical - top
2) Costal - lateral
3) Mediasteinal - medial
4) Diaphragmatic - bottom
What kind of space is the pleural space?
Potential space
Pulmonary ligaments
Where the visceral and parietal pleura are continuous
At the hilum of the lung
Pleural innervation
Visceral pleura - autonomic innervation
Parietal pleura - Somatic innervation
Pain felt in visceral vs parietal pleura
Visceral - Diffuse, poorly localised pain
Parietal - Sharp, localised pain
Where does the trachea descend from?
C6
Where does the trachea split into the bronchi?
T4, T5
Which bronchus is the shorter, more vertical one?
Right
In which bronchus do foreign objects normally fall?
Right
What is a tracheal ring?
U-shaped cartilaginous rings in the trachea
Closed posteriorally by the trachealis smooth muscle
Stages of the bronchial tree
Main bronchus
Lobar bronchus
Segmental bronchus
Area supplied by a segmental bronchus
Bronchiopulmonary segment
Shape of a bronchiopulmonary segment
Pyramidal
Apex facing the hilum
Base at the lung surface
What is a bronchiopulmonary segment?
The smallest functional unit of the lungs
What makes bronchiopulmonary segments independent?
Separate blood supply
Separate venous drainage
Supplied independently by segmental bronchus
Is the lung a hollow or solid viscus?
Solid
How do the left and right lung differ in shape?
Left lung is smaller than right because of the heart
Right lung is shorter and wider than left because of the liver
Three surfaces of the lungs
Costal
Mediasteinal
Diaphragmatic
Are the lungs completely divided?
No. Incompletely divided
All lobes join at the hilum
Surface features of the left lung
1)
2)
3)
1) Cardiac notch
2) Groove for descending aorta
3) Groove for arch of aorta
Surface features of the right lung
1)
2)
3)
1) Cardiac notch
2) Groove for azygous vein
3) Groove for oesophagus
Lobes of the right lung
Superior lobe
Middle lobe
Inferior lobe
Fissures of the right lung
Horizontal fissure
Oblique fissure
Where is the inferior of the right lobe largest?
From posteriorally
Fissures of the left lung
Oblique fissure
Divisions of lung blood supply
Pulmonary arteries and veins
Bronchial arteries and veins
Spatial organisation of pulmonary arteries and veins
Left/right pulmonary arteries superior to left/right pulmonary veins
Three surfaces of the lungs
Costal
Mediasteinal
Diaphragmatic
Are the lungs completely divided?
No. Incompletely divided
All lobes join at the hilum
Surface features of the left lung
1)
2)
3)
1) Cardiac notch
2) Groove for descending aorta
3) Groove for arch of aorta
Surface features of the right lung
1)
2)
3)
1) Cardiac impression
2) Groove for azygous vein
3) GRoove for oesophagus
Lobes of the right lung
Superior lobe
Middle lobe
Inferior lobe
Fissures of the right lung
Horizontal fissure
Oblique fissure
Where is the inferior of the right lobe largest?
From posteriorally
Fissures of the left lung
Oblique fissure
Divisions of lung blood supply
Pulmonary arteries and veins
Bronchial arteries and veins
Spatial organisation of pulmonary arteries and veins
Left/right pulmonary arteries superior to left/right pulmonary veins
Structures at both lung hila 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
1) One pulmonary artery
2) Two pulmonary veins
3) Main bronchus
4) Bronchial vessels
5) Nerves
6) Lymphatics
Layout of structures at the right hilum
Superior
Intermediate
Inferior
Superior: Right pulmonary artery, right upper lobe bronchus
Intermediate: Anterior pulmonary vein and bronchus intermedius
Inferior: Lymph nodes and inferior pulmonary vein
Layout of structures at the left hilum
Superior
Intermediate
Inferior
Superior: Left pulmonary artery
Intermediate: Left main bronchus, anterior pulmonary vein
Inferior: Inferior pulmonary vein
Differences between left and right hila
Two lobar bronchi at right hilum. Only one at left.
In left, the pulmonary artery occupies the most superior position
What are the dark-coloured superficial vessels in the lungs?
Lymph vessels, stained black because of carbon in the air
Where do the lung superficial lymph vessels lie?
Deep to visceral pleura
Where do the deep lung lymph vessels lie?
Along the bronchial tree
Lymph nodes drained to by the lungs
Bronchopulmonary nodes (hilar) –> Tracheobronchial nodes –> Bronchomediastinal lymph trunks
Which structure supplies innervation to the lungs and visceral pleura?
The pulmonary plexus
Which nervous divisions contribute to the pulmonary plexus?
The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
