Lower Respiratory Tract

Question 1

Parts of thoracic cavity
1)
2)
3)

Answer 1

1) Left
2) Right
3) Pulmonary cavity

Question 2

Four parts of the parietal pleura

Answer 2

1) Cervical - top
2) Costal - lateral
3) Mediasteinal - medial
4) Diaphragmatic - bottom

Question 3

What kind of space is the pleural space?

Answer 3

Potential space

Question 4

Pulmonary ligaments

Answer 4

Where the visceral and parietal pleura are continuous

At the hilum of the lung

Question 5

Pleural innervation

Answer 5

Visceral pleura - autonomic innervation

Parietal pleura - Somatic innervation

Question 6

Pain felt in visceral vs parietal pleura

Answer 6

Visceral - Diffuse, poorly localised pain

Parietal - Sharp, localised pain

Question 7

Where does the trachea descend from?

Answer 7

C6

Question 8

Where does the trachea split into the bronchi?

Answer 8

T4, T5

Question 9

Which bronchus is the shorter, more vertical one?

Answer 9

Right

Question 10

In which bronchus do foreign objects normally fall?

Answer 10

Right

Question 11

What is a tracheal ring?

Answer 11

U-shaped cartilaginous rings in the trachea

Closed posteriorally by the trachealis smooth muscle

Question 12

Stages of the bronchial tree

Answer 12

Main bronchus
Lobar bronchus
Segmental bronchus

Question 13

Area supplied by a segmental bronchus

Answer 13

Bronchiopulmonary segment

Question 14

Shape of a bronchiopulmonary segment

Answer 14

Pyramidal
Apex facing the hilum
Base at the lung surface

Question 15

What is a bronchiopulmonary segment?

Answer 15

The smallest functional unit of the lungs

Question 16

What makes bronchiopulmonary segments independent?

Answer 16

Separate blood supply
Separate venous drainage
Supplied independently by segmental bronchus

Question 17

Is the lung a hollow or solid viscus?

Answer 17

Solid

Question 18

How do the left and right lung differ in shape?

Answer 18

Left lung is smaller than right because of the heart

Right lung is shorter and wider than left because of the liver

Question 19

Three surfaces of the lungs

Answer 19

Costal

Mediasteinal

Diaphragmatic

Question 20

Are the lungs completely divided?

Answer 20

No. Incompletely divided

All lobes join at the hilum

Question 21

Surface features of the left lung
1)
2)
3)

Answer 21

1) Cardiac notch
2) Groove for descending aorta
3) Groove for arch of aorta

Question 22

Surface features of the right lung
1)
2)
3)

Answer 22

1) Cardiac notch
2) Groove for azygous vein
3) Groove for oesophagus

Question 23

Lobes of the right lung

Answer 23

Superior lobe
Middle lobe
Inferior lobe

Question 24

Fissures of the right lung

Answer 24

Horizontal fissure

Oblique fissure

Question 25

Where is the inferior of the right lobe largest?

Answer 25

From posteriorally

Question 26

Fissures of the left lung

Answer 26

Oblique fissure

Question 27

Divisions of lung blood supply

Answer 27

Pulmonary arteries and veins Bronchial arteries and veins

Question 28

Spatial organisation of pulmonary arteries and veins

Answer 28

Left/right pulmonary arteries superior to left/right pulmonary veins

Question 29

Three surfaces of the lungs

Answer 29

Costal Mediasteinal Diaphragmatic

Question 30

Are the lungs completely divided?

Answer 30

No. Incompletely divided All lobes join at the hilum

Question 31

Surface features of the left lung 1) 2) 3)

Answer 31

1) Cardiac notch 2) Groove for descending aorta 3) Groove for arch of aorta

Question 32

Surface features of the right lung 1) 2) 3)

Answer 32

1) Cardiac impression 2) Groove for azygous vein 3) GRoove for oesophagus

Question 33

Lobes of the right lung

Answer 33

Superior lobe Middle lobe Inferior lobe

Question 34

Fissures of the right lung

Answer 34

Horizontal fissure | Oblique fissure

Question 35

Where is the inferior of the right lobe largest?

Answer 35

From posteriorally

Question 36

Fissures of the left lung

Answer 36

Oblique fissure

Question 37

Divisions of lung blood supply

Answer 37

Pulmonary arteries and veins Bronchial arteries and veins

Question 38

Spatial organisation of pulmonary arteries and veins

Answer 38

Left/right pulmonary arteries superior to left/right pulmonary veins

Question 39

``` Structures at both lung hila 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) ```

Answer 39

1) One pulmonary artery 2) Two pulmonary veins 3) Main bronchus 4) Bronchial vessels 5) Nerves 6) Lymphatics

Question 40

Layout of structures at the right hilum Superior Intermediate Inferior

Answer 40

Superior: Right pulmonary artery, right upper lobe bronchus Intermediate: Anterior pulmonary vein and bronchus intermedius Inferior: Lymph nodes and inferior pulmonary vein

Question 41

Layout of structures at the left hilum Superior Intermediate Inferior

Answer 41

Superior: Left pulmonary artery Intermediate: Left main bronchus, anterior pulmonary vein Inferior: Inferior pulmonary vein

Question 42

Differences between left and right hila

Answer 42

Two lobar bronchi at right hilum. Only one at left. In left, the pulmonary artery occupies the most superior position

Question 43

What are the dark-coloured superficial vessels in the lungs?

Answer 43

Lymph vessels, stained black because of carbon in the air

Question 44

Where do the lung superficial lymph vessels lie?

Answer 44

Deep to visceral pleura

Question 45

Where do the deep lung lymph vessels lie?

Answer 45

Along the bronchial tree

Question 46

Lymph nodes drained to by the lungs

Answer 46

Bronchopulmonary nodes (hilar) --> Tracheobronchial nodes --> Bronchomediastinal lymph trunks

Question 47

Which structure supplies innervation to the lungs and visceral pleura?

Answer 47

The pulmonary plexus

Question 48

Which nervous divisions contribute to the pulmonary plexus?

Answer 48

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions