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HSF - Viscera > Regulation of Digestion > Flashcards

Regulation of Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

Where and how is cellulose broken down?

A

In the gut, by fermentation by the gut microbiome

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2
Q

Important role of the pyloric valve in amylase function

A

Amylase is pH-sensitive.

Pyloric valve separates the low-pH stomach environment from the neutral duodenum

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3
Q

Elements controlling gut

A 
Nervous system (CNS, PNS, enteric)
Endocrine system
Smooth muscle and associated pacemakers
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4
Q

Layers of the enteric nervous system

A 
Longitudinal muscle
Myenteric plexus
Circular muscle
Deep muscular plexus
Mucosal plexus
Muscularis mucosae
Mucosa
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5
Q

Structures attached to enteric longitudinal muscle

A

Myenteric plexus

Tertiary plexus

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6
Q

Intrinsic neurons in the ENS

A

Sensory, interneurons, excitatory and inhibitory motor neurons

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7
Q

Primary functions of the ENS

A

Motility, water and salt transport

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8
Q

Number of basic ENS motility patterns

A

Three

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9
Q

Basic ENS motility patterns

A

Fed state
Fasted state
Mass movement contraction

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10
Q

Characteristics of fed-state motility pattern

A

Stomach relaxation (size of fist –> much larger)
Segmentation in small intestine
Peristalsis
Retropulsion/antiperistalsis, in some situations

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11
Q

Segmentation

A

Local stationary constrictions in small intestine.
No net forward movement of chyme
Mixes intestine contents

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12
Q

Characteristics of fasted-state motility pattern

A

Migrating motor complex moves through small intestine

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13
Q

Characteristics of migrating motor complex

A

Slowly moving constriction of intestine
Cleans out debris (bacteria, cell fragments)
Takes ~90 minutes from pylorus to anus

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14
Q

Characteristics of mass movement contraction motility pattern

A

In colon, rectum

Involved in defecation

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15
Q

Difference between peristalsis and segmentation

A

There is no net forward movement in segmentation

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16
Q

Where does the ENS regulate motility patterns?

A

All parts of the gut except upper oesophagus

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17
Q

Pacemaker cells in gut

A

Interstitial cells of Cajal

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18
Q

Role of interstitial cells of Cajal

A

Produce slow wave potentials in smooth muscle

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19
Q

Which type of cell is an interstitial cell of Cajal?

A

Modified smooth muscle cell

20
Q

Role of slow wave potentials

A

Keep enteric smooth muscle just below threshold

Can be easily depolarised to threshold by CNS

21
Q

Plexi containing neurons in ENS

A

Submucosal plexus

Myenteric plexus

22
Q

Feed-forward reflexes of ENS

A

Cephalic reflex

Gastro-colonic reflex

23
Q

Cephalic reflex

A

Thought of, smell, sight of food can trigger:
Salivation
Relaxation of stomach
Segmentation in intestine

24
Q

Gastro-colonic reflex

A

Food entering stomach can trigger defecation

25
Q

Feedback reflexes of ENS

A

Inhibition of gastric emptying

26
Q

Factors inhibiting gastric emptying

A

Acid in duodenum

Excess material in colon

27
Q

Effects of gastrin

A

Stimulates gastric acid secretion

Stimulates mucosal growth

28
Q

Target of gastrin

A

Enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL cells)

Parietal cells

29
Q

Stimuli for gastrin release

A

Partially digested protein in stomach
Stomach distension
Neural signals, particularly via vagus nerve

30
Q

Effects of cholecystokinin

A 
Stimulates gallbladder contraction
Stimulates pancreatic enzyme release
Inhibits gastric emptying 
Inhibits gastric acid secretion
Promotes satiety
31
Q

Targets of cholecystokinin

A

Stomach, pancreas, gallbladder

32
Q

Cells secreting cholecystokinin

A

I-cells in intestine

Segrete into duodenum

33
Q

Stimulus for cholecystokinin release

A

Presence of fatty acids or some amino acids in chyme
CCK-releasing protein (secreted by enterocytes)
Parasympathetic stimulation from vagus nerve

34
Q

Effect of secretin

A

Stimulates bicarbonate secretion
Inhibits gastric emptying
Inhibits gastric acid secretion

35
Q

Stimulus for secretin release

A

Acid in small intestine

36
Q

Targets of secretin

A

Pancreas, stomach

37
Q

Cells releasing gastrin

A

G-cells in stomach antrum

38
Q

Cells releasing secretin

A

S-cells in duodenum.

In crypts of Lieberkuhn

39
Q

Effects of motilin

A

Stimulates migrating motor complex

40
Q

Stimulus for motilin release

A

Released periodically during fasting period (every 1-2 hours)
Release inhibited by eating a meal

41
Q

Targets of motilin

A

Stomach, intestinal smooth muscle

42
Q

Gastric inhibitory peptide effects

A

Stimulates insulin release (feedforward)
Inhibits gastric emptying
Inhibits gastric acid secretion

43
Q

Gastric inhibitory peptide target

A

Beta-cells of pancreas

44
Q

Gastric inhibitory peptide stimulus

A

Glucose, fatty acids, amino acids in small intestine

45
Q

Glucagon-like peptide 1 effect

A

Promotes satiety
Stimulates insulin release
Inhibits gastric acid secretion, gastric funciton

46
Q

Glucagon-like peptide 1 stimulus

A

Fats and carbohydrates in gut lumen

47
Q

Glucagon-like peptide 1 target

A

Endocrine pancreas

HSF - Viscera (12 decks)

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