Gastrointestinal Tract

Question 1

Structure dividing thorax and abdomen

Answer 1

Diaphragm

Question 2

Planes dividing quadrants

Answer 2

Transumbilical plane

Medial plane

Question 3

Muscles of the anterior abdominal wall:
1)
2)
3)
4)

Answer 3

1) External oblique
2) Internal oblique
3) Rectus abdominus
4) Transverse abdominus

Question 4

Muscles of the posterior abdominal wall

Answer 4

1) Psoas major
2) Quadratus lumborum
3) Iliacus

Question 5

Location of psoas major

Answer 5

Deep

Run along the side of lumbar spine

Question 6

Location of quadratus lumborum

Answer 6

Lateral to psoas major

Fill space between T12 and ilial crest

Question 7

Location of iliacus

Answer 7

Interior aspect of ilium and ischeum

Inferior to quadratus lumborum

Question 8

Where does oesophagus begin?

Answer 8

C6

Question 9

Where does the oesophagus pierce the diaphragm?

Answer 9

T10

Question 10

Where does the trachea split into the left and right bronchi?

Answer 10

T4/T5

Question 11

Which side of the stomach does the oesophagus enter?

Answer 11

Right-hand side

Question 12

Number of sphincters in oesophagus

Answer 12

3 (1 anatomical, 2 functional)

Question 13

Location of oesophageal sphincters

Answer 13

1) Anatomical sphincter in pharynx (cervical)
2) Functional sphincter, diaphragmatic
3) Functional sphincter, thoracic, from left bronchus and aortic arch pressing on oesophagus (~T4/T5)

Question 14

Muscle layers of the oesophagus

Answer 14

External longitudinal

Internal circular

Question 15

Quadrant in which the stomach sits

Answer 15

Left upper quadrant

Question 16

Regions of the stomach
1)
2)
3)
4)

Answer 16

1) Fundus
2) Cardia
3) Body
4) Pylorus

Question 17

Parts of pylorus:
1)
2)

Answer 17

1) Antrum

2) Canal

Question 18

Which kind of sphincter is the pyloric sphincter?

Answer 18

Anatomical

Question 19

What are rugae?

Answer 19

Folds of the gastric mucosa

Question 20

Name of folds of the gastric mucosa

Answer 20

Rugae

Question 21

Is stomach intra- or retroperitoneal?

Answer 21

Intraperitoneal

Question 22

Length of duodenum

Answer 22

~25cm

Question 23

Is the duodenum retro- or intraperitoneal?

Answer 23

Retroperitoneal

Question 24

Parts of the duodenum:
1)
2)
3)
4)

Answer 24

1) Superior
2) Descending
3) Transverse/ inferior
4) Ascending

Question 25

Location of superior part of duodenum

Answer 25

Anterolateral to L1

Question 26

Location of descending part of duodenum

Answer 26

Runs along the right side of L1 - L3

Question 27

Structures in the descending part of the duodenum

Answer 27

Major duodenal papilla, minor duodenal papilla

Question 28

Location of the major and minor duodenal papillae

Answer 28

Descending part of the duodenum

Question 29

Structures linking to major duodenal papilla

Answer 29

Common bile duct

Question 30

Structures connecting to the common bile duct

Answer 30

Liver (bile) | Pancreas (pancreatic enzymes)

Question 31

Structures linking to minor duodenal papilla

Answer 31

Pancreas

Question 32

Arrangement of major and minor duodenal papillae

Answer 32

Minor superior to major

Question 33

Location of most of the jejunum

Answer 33

Left upper quadrant

Question 34

Location of most of the ileum

Answer 34

Right lower quadrant

Question 35

Is there a clear distinction between the jejunum and ileum?

Answer 35

Ne

Question 36

Proportional length of the jejunum and ileum

Answer 36

Jejunum ~ first 40% | Ileum ~ last 60%

Question 37

Are the jejunum and ileum retro- or intraperitoneal?

Answer 37

intraperitoneal

Question 38

Differences between jejunum and ileum

Answer 38

Jejunum has: 1) Larger diameter 2) Larger muscle folds 3) Thicker wall 4) Is more vascularised

Question 39

What is the difference between jejunum- and ileum-associated mesentary?

Answer 39

More fat in the ileum-associated mesentary

Question 40

Iieo-caecal junciton

Answer 40

Where the large and small intestines join | An anatomical sphincter

Question 41

Caecum

Answer 41

Blind pocket hanging inferior to the ileo-caecal junciton

Question 42

Hepatic flexure

Answer 42

Ninety-degree turn inferior to the liver | Links ascending with transverse colon

Question 43

Splenic flexure

Answer 43

Ninety-degree turn inferior to the spleen | Links transverse with descending colon

Question 44

Sigmoid colon

Answer 44

S-shaped part of the colon, after the descending colon

Question 45

Names of turns in colon

Answer 45

1) Hepatic flexion (or right colic flexure) | 2) Splenic flexion (or left colic flexure)

Question 46

Three features that distinguish the large from the small intestine

Answer 46

1) Tenia coli 2) Haustra 3) Omental apendages

Question 47

What are tenia coli?

Answer 47

Incomplete outer longitudinal muscle coat of the large intestine Three bands

Question 48

What are haustra?

Answer 48

Baggy appearance of large intestine from tenia coli being shorter than the large intestinal wall

Question 49

Which part of the lower intestine is the most mobile?

Answer 49

Transverse colon

Question 50

Is the transverse colon intra- or retroperitoneal?

Answer 50

Intraperitoneal

Question 51

Is the descending colon retro- or intraperitoneal?

Answer 51

Retroperitoneal

Question 52

Is the signoid colon intra- or retroperitoneal?

Answer 52

Intraperitoneal

Question 53

What are omental appendices?

Answer 53

Fatty tags hanging from tenia coli

Question 54

Location of caecum

Answer 54

Right lower quarter

Question 55

Is the appendix intra- or retroperitoneal?

Answer 55

Intraperitoneal

Question 56

To what does the appendix attach?

Answer 56

Caecum

Question 57

Where does the appendix attach to the caecum?

Answer 57

Where the three tenia coli join

Question 58

What distinguishes the rectum from the rest of the large intestine?

Answer 58

No tenia coli, haustra, omental appendices