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HSF - Viscera > Heart Physiology 2 > Flashcards

Heart Physiology 2 Flashcards

1
Q 
What are the functions of the circulatory system?
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
A

1) Distribution of dissolved gasses
2) Waste removal
3) Chemical signalling
4) Mediate inflammatory, immune responses
5) Conserve or release heat from skin surface

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2
Q

What is a portal system?

A

Two capillary beds in series

EG: In kidneys, stomach, liver

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3
Q

Which blood vessels have elastic tissue?

A

Arteries, veins

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4
Q

Which blood vessels have smooth muscle?

A

Arteries, arterioles, veins

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5
Q

Where is the highest and lowest mean systemic blood pressure?

A 
Aorta (highest)
Vena cavae (lowest)
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6
Q

Where is blood flow slowest?

A

Capillaries

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7
Q

What is the Windkessel effect?

A

Reduction in arterial pressure changes during systole and diastole (heartbeat)

Caused by elastin in walls of arteries, walls distend in systole, recoil in diastole

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8
Q

Where is the Windkessel effect relevant?

A

In arteries

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9
Q

How to proteins move across the membranes of capillaries?

A

Transcytosis

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10
Q

Which tissues make up the walls of arteries?

A

Endothelium
Elastic tissue
Smooth muscle
Fibrous tissue

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11
Q

Which tissues make up the walls of veins?

A

Endothelium
Elastic tissue
Smooth muscle
Fibrous tissue

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12
Q

Which tissues make up the walls of arterioles?

A

Endothelium

Smooth muscle

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13
Q

Which tissues make up the walls of capillaries?

A

Endothelium

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14
Q

Which tissues make up the walls of venules?

A

Endothelium

Fibrous tissue

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15
Q

Mean arterial diameter

A

4mm

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16
Q

Mean venous diameter

A

5mm

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17
Q

Mean arterial wall thickness

A

1mm

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18
Q

Mean venous wall thickness

A

0.5mm

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19
Q

Proportion of blood stored in systemic veins

A

64%

20
Q

Proportion of blood stored in arteries

A

13%

21
Q

How far are most cells from a capillary?

A

0.1mm

22
Q

What is bulk flow?

A

Overall movement of fluid between blood and tissues

Difference between hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure

23
Q

What is absorption?

A

Movement of fluid from interstitium into capillaries

24
Q

What is filtration?

A

Fluid movement out of capillaries into interstitium

25
Q

What is oedema?

A

Interstitial fluid accumulation

26
Q

Difference in solute concentrations between blood and interstitial fluid

A

Electrolyte balance the same

Proteins in blood, too large to get into interstitial fluid

27
Q

What are the pressures influencing bulk flow?

A

Osmotic pressure (pi) - Movement into capillary

Hydrostatic pressure (P) - Movement out of capillary

28
Q

What is colloid (or oncotic) osmotic pressure?

A

Osmotic pressure caused by proteins in the blood that can’t penetrate the endothelium of capillaries

29
Q

What is the plasma oncotic pressure vs the interstitial fluid oncotic pressure?

A

25mmHg (plasma)

0mmHg (interstitial)

30
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

The pressure exerted by the blood on the blood vessel walls.

Decreases with length

31
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure in capillaries at the arteriolar end?

A

32mmHg

32
Q

What is the hydrostatic pressure in capillaries at the venous end?

A

15mmHg

33
Q

What is the hydrostatic pressure in the interstitial fluid?

A

0mmHg

34
Q

What is the bulk flow at the arterial end of a capillary?

A

~7mmHg

35
Q

What is the bulk flow at the venous end of a capillary?

A

~-10mmHg

36
Q

Which pressure favours filtration?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

37
Q

Which pressure favours absorption?

A

Colloid osmotic pressure

38
Q

Is colloid osmotic pressure constant, or does it change with capillary length?

A

Constant

39
Q

Is hydrostatic pressure constant, or does it change with capillary length?

A

Decreases with capillary length

40
Q

What is the net fluid movement of fluid per day?

A

3L out of capillaries per day

41
Q

Where does the excess fluid filtrated into the interstitial fluid go?

A

Into the lymphatic system

42
Q

Where do the largest lymph vessels empty?

A

Into the venous system

Where the left/right subclavian veins join internal jugular veins

43
Q

What plays a large role in pumping lymph?

A

Skeletal muscle pump

44
Q

Roles of lymphatic system
1)
2)
3)

A

1) Return fluid and proteins filtered back into circulation
2) Pick up fat absorbed in small intestine, transfer to circulatory system
3) Immune system

45
Q

What factors pump lymph?
1)
2)
3)

A

1) Smooth muscle contractions in larger lymph nodes
2) Skeletal muscle contraction
3) One-way valves

HSF - Viscera (12 decks)

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