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HSF - Viscera > Nutrient Absorption > Flashcards

Nutrient Absorption Flashcards

1
Q

How can water obstruct nutrient absorption?

A

It forms a layer at the mucosal wall with H-bonds when undisturbed

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2
Q

Impediment to nutrient absorption presented by lack of flow in gut

A

Water forms layer around intestinal wall with H-bonds.

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3
Q

Brush-border membrane

A

Microviliated apical tip of enterocytes in small intestine

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4
Q

Which cells secrete mucus in stomach?

A

Goblet cells

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5
Q

Which cells secrete acid in stomach?

A

Parietal cells

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6
Q

Which cells secrete pepsinogen in stomach?

A

Chief cells

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7
Q

Average lifespan of an enterocyte

A

3-8 days

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8
Q

Migration of entreocytes:
1)
2)
3)

A

1) Stem cells located in crypts
2) Migrate upwards towards vili
3) Differentiate as migrate

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9
Q

What do crypt cells secrete?

A

Water, electrolytes

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10
Q

Celiac disease

A

Gluten causes autoimmune disease

Results in epithelium on villi dying

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11
Q

Enzyme that breaks down polysaccharides

A

Amylase

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12
Q

Macromolecule broken down by amylase

A

Polysaccharides

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13
Q

Environment in which amylase works the best

A

Neutral pH

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14
Q

Efficiency of amylase in mouth

A

Poor

Food not broken down enough for amylase to access much surface area

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15
Q

Method of digestion in stomach

A

Peristalsis grinds food against pylorus to break it down

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16
Q

Where does amylase become effective?

A

In the duodenum

Bicarbonate neutralises acid

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17
Q

Hormones released when food enters duodenum

A

Secretin

Cholecystokinin

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18
Q

Role of secretin

A

Activates water secretion
Activates bicarbonate secretion
Inhibits stomach emptying

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19
Q

Action of secretion

A

Enters blood, stimulates pancreas

20
Q

Cholecystokinin role

A

Stimulates pancreatic amylase release into duodenum

21
Q

Types of absorbable sugars

A

Glucrose, galactose, fructose

22
Q

Maltose

A

2xGlucose

23
Q

Sucrose

A

Glucose+Fructose

24
Q

Lactose

A

Glucose+Galactose

25
Q

How do glucose and galactose cross apical membrane?

A

Sodium-glucose linked transporter (SGLT)

26
Q

What powers the sodium-glucose linked transporter?

A

Sodium gradient across endothelial wall

27
Q

What converts pepsinogen to pepsin?

A

Low pH

28
Q

Endopeptidase

A

Breaks bonds within a polypeptide chain

29
Q

Limit of endopeptidases

A

Can’t produce individual amino acids

30
Q

Where does fat sit in the stomach?

A

On top of carbs and proteins

31
Q

Which pancreatic proteases are released upon cholecystokinin signalling?

A

Trypsin, chymotrypsin

32
Q

Factors released upon cholecystokinin signalling

A

Pancreatic proteases

33
Q

Exopeptidases

A

Remove amino acids from the ends of proteins

34
Q

Types of exopeptidases

A

Carboxypeptidases

Aminopeptidases

35
Q

How are pancreatic proteases secreted?

A

As proenzymes

36
Q

How is protrypsin converted to trypsin?

A

Enteropeptidase in the brush-border membrane

37
Q

Enzyme activated by enteropeptidase in the brush-border membrane

A

Protrypsin –> trypsin

38
Q

Which enzymes are activated by trypsin?

A

Chymotrypsinogen –> Chymotrypsin

Procarboxypeptidase –> Carboxypeptidase

39
Q

What converts chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin?

A

Trypsin

40
Q

What converts procarboxypeptidase to carboxypeptidase?

A

Trypsin

41
Q

Which factor stimulates trypsin release?

A

Cholecystokinin

42
Q

What is the pathway for secreted chymotrypsin?

A

Cholecystokinin –> Protrypsin –> Trypsin –> Chymotrypsinogen –> Chymotrypsin

43
Q

Types of exopeptidases in the brush-border membrane

A

Aminopeptidases

44
Q

Where are fats mostly broken down?

A

Duodenum

45
Q

Which fat can stimulate CCK release?

A

Free fatty acids

46
Q

An effect of CCK release

A

Feel sated, release bile (for fat digestion)

47
Q

Effect of bile on fats

A

Emulsification

HSF - Viscera (12 decks)

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