Upper - Pec Girdle and Shoulder

Question 1

what is the pectoral girdle composed of

Answer 1

framework of the shoulder made up of the clavicle and scapula (excluding the proximal end of the humerus)

Question 2

what is the role of the pectoral girdle

Answer 2

connects upper limbs to axial skeleton and provide structural support to the shoulder region
also provide connection for muscles of the shoulder and arm movement

Question 3

what joints are commented by the clavicle in terms of lateral and medial

Answer 3

sternoclavicular (medial) and acromioclavicular (lateral)

Question 4

describe the shape of the clavicle (ie medial vs lateral)

Answer 4

s shaped contour

medial is quadrangular where’s lateral end of clavicle is flat

Question 5

describe the articulation of the clavicle to the acromion process of the scapula

Answer 5

acromial end of clavicle has small oval facet which articulate with the medial surface of the acromion

Question 6

describe the articulation of the clavicle to the sternum

Answer 6

large facet which articulates with the manubrium of the sternum and the first costal cartilage

Question 7

describe the inferior aspect of the clavicle and why it is so

Answer 7

inferior surface of the lateral third of the clavicle has a distinct tuberosity (conoid tubercle) and lateral roughening (trapezoid line)

Question 8

which surface of the clavicle is smoother

Answer 8

the superior surface of the clavicle is smoother as the inferior side is roughened by muscular attachments

Question 9

which ribs do the scapula lie between

Answer 9

second and seventh rib

Question 10

describe the overall surface structure of the scapula

Answer 10

three angles and three borders
two surfaces (costal and posterior) 
Three processes (acromion, spine and caracoid)

Question 11

what does the lateral angle of the scapula form and what does it articulate with

Answer 11

forms the glenoid cavity which articulates with the head of the humerus to form the glenohumeral joint (shoulder)

Question 12

what anatomically is directly inferior to the glenoid cavity in the lateral view

Answer 12

triangular roughening of the infraglenoid tubercle which is the site of attachment for the long head of the triceps brachii

Question 13

what anatomically is directly superior to the glenoid cavity in the lateral view

Answer 13

supraglenoid tubercle - site of attachment for biceps brachii

Question 14

what is produced above and below the spine of the scapula

Answer 14

supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa

Question 15

describe the structure, orientation and bone articulation of the acromion process

Answer 15

anertolateral projection (at back side of scapula - lateral end of spine) 
arches over the glenohumoral joint and articles with the clavicle

Question 16

describe the structure and presentation of the costal surface of the scapula

Answer 16

anterior view - concave sub scapular fossa

Question 17

what is the difference in structure of the lateral to the medial side of the scapula

Answer 17

lateral is thick and strong for muscle attachment and the medial side is thinner and sharper

Question 18

the superior border of the scapula is marked on its lateral end by what

Answer 18

the caracoid process (anterolateral part)

supra scapular notch (medial to the root of the caracoid process)

Question 19

what causes ACJ separation

Answer 19

tearing o the ligaments that hold the scapula and the clavicle together

Question 20

what structures are present on the proximal end of the humerus

Answer 20

head
anatomical neck
surgical neck
greater and lesser tubercle

Question 21

describe the position of the greater tubercle of the humerus and what its used for

Answer 21

lateral position seen in the anterior view providing attachment for supra/infra spinatous and teres minor

Question 22

describe the position of the lesser tubercle of the humerus and what its used for

Answer 22

more anterior aspect of proximal humerus medial to greater tubercle
it is smooth due to the attachment of the subscapularis

Question 23

the lateral, medial and floor of the intertuberculuar sulcus of the humerus has roughenings due to which muscular attachment

Answer 23

lateral lip of inter tubercular sulcus = Pec Major

medial lip = teres major

floor = lat dorsi

Question 24

on the lateral side of the humerus is a v shape - what is that a sign for

Answer 24

deltoid tuberosity for the deltoid

Question 25

what structures pass immediately posterior to the surgical neck of the humerus

Answer 25

axillary nerve, posterior circumflex artery

Question 26

which directions can the scapula move

Answer 26

elevation / depression

protraction / retraction

Question 27

what are the two superficial dorsal muscles

Answer 27

trapezius and the lat dorsi

Question 28

which three muscles all attach to the medial border of the scapula spine

Answer 28

lector scapula

rhomboid minor and major

Question 29

which three muscles make up the ventral aspect of the pectoral girdle

Answer 29

pec maj/min

serrates anterior

Question 30

what are the two heads of the Pec Major

Answer 30

clavicular head

sternocostal head

Question 31

name all the scapulohumerus muscles (help stabilise the shoulder)

Answer 31

deltoid 
subscaularis 
supraspinatus 
infraspinatus 
teres minor/major

Question 32

what is the difference in role of the supra/infraspinatus

Answer 32

supra initiates abduction of the arm

infra laterally rotates as goes from posterior to posterior

Question 33

describe the structure of the glenoumoral joint

Answer 33

synovial ball and socket articulation between the ganoid cavity of the scapula and the humerus
incongruent to allow more movement but less stabilisation

Question 34

due to the shoulder joint being incongruent what provides this joint with stability

Answer 34

muscles of the rotator cuff (subscap, infra/supra, minor)
long head of the biceps/triceps brachii and extrascapular ligaments
dorado-acromial ligament and glenoid labrum (fibrous-cartilogenous surrounding the joint)

Question 35

what covers the surfaces of the bones in the glenohumoral joint

Answer 35

hyaline cartilage

Question 36

what structures reduce friction between tendons and adjacent joint capsules and bones in the shoulder

Answer 36

synovial bursae such as the subtendinous bursa of the subscapularis lies between subscap and fibrous membrane

Question 37

which muscle of the shoulder is prone to impingement

Answer 37

supraspinatus tendon as it passes under the coracoacromial arch which leads to tears and inflammation