Foot

Question 1

how many tarsal bones are there in the foot

Answer 1

7

Question 2

describe the orientation of the tarsal bones and what they are

Answer 2

2 bones in the proximal group (talus and calcaneus)

1 in the intermediate (navicular)

4 distal
from lateral to medial - cuboid then lateral, intermediate and medial cuneiform bones

Question 3

what makes the longitudinal arch of the foot

Answer 3

posterior end of calcaneus and the heads of the metatarsals - highest on the medial side

Question 4

what makes the transverse arch

Answer 4

highest in the coronal plane which cuts through the head of the talus and disappears near the heads of th metatarsals

Question 5

how are the arches of the foot supported

Answer 5

ligaments - plantar calcaneonvaicular (spring), plantar calcaneocuboid (short plantar), plantar a-neurosis and long plantar

muscles - anterior and posterior tibialis, finularis longus

Question 6

what are the intrinsic muscles of the foot

Answer 6

originate and insert in the foot
extensor digitorum brevis and exyensor hallucis brevis on he dorsal aspect of the foot - all others are on the plantar side of the foot

Question 7

what is the main role of the intrinsic muscles of the foot

Answer 7

modify the actions of long tendons and generate fine movements of the toes

Question 8

what are all intrinsic muscles of the foot innervated by (expect which)

Answer 8

medial and lateral plantar branches of the tibial nerve

extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis innervated by the deep fibular nerve

Question 9

which muscles are in the 1st layer of the foot ie most superficial plantar

Answer 9

from medial to lateral

abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti minimi

Question 10

which muscles make up the second plantar layer in the foot

Answer 10

associated with the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus (pass through layer)
also quadratus plantar and four lumbricals

Question 11

which muscles make up the third layer of the plantar foot

Answer 11

flexor hallucis brevis and adductor hallucis (great toe)

flexor digiti minimi brevis (little toe)

Question 12

what are the muscles of the 4th layer ie deepest plantar muscles of the foot

Answer 12

dorsal (superior) and plantar interossei

Question 13

where do arteries of the foot come from

Answer 13

branches of the posterior tibial and dorsalis pedis

Question 14

describe the arterial supply of the tibial artery and the plantar arch

Answer 14

posterior tibial artery enter through tarsal tunnel on medial ankle (palpable between medial malleolus and heel)
posterior tibial artery splits into medial plantar artery and larger lateral plantar artery

Question 15

describe the route of the lateral plantar artery

Answer 15

anteriolaterlaly to sole of foot - base of metatarsal 5 and becomes deep plantar arch - then joins with deep plantar artery of dorsalis pedis which enters the sole on the dorsal side of the foot

Question 16

describe the path of the medial plantar artery

Answer 16

along deep medial aspect and joins digital branch of deep plantar arch which supplies medial side of great toe

Question 17

describe the origin and route o the dorsalis pedis artery

Answer 17

continuation of the anterior tibial artery and crosses ankle joint - crosses dorsal aspect of tarsals - it has three branches

Question 18

what do the superficial veins of the foot drain into

Answer 18

dorsal venous arch on dorsal surface of metatarsals

Question 19

what are the two major veins in the foot

Answer 19

great saphenous vein from medial side of arch and passes to medial malleolus to medial side of leg

small saphenous vein 0 lateral side of larch and passes posterior to the lateral malleolus and onto back of leg

Question 20

what three nerves from the leg enter and supply the foot

Answer 20

tibial nerve
deep fibular
superficials fibular

Question 21

what are the branches of the tibial nerve in the foot

Answer 21

sural nerve (s1) 
saphenous nerve (L4) 
medial (L4/5) and lateral plantar nerves (s1)

Question 22

why is diabetes important in nerves of the foot

Answer 22

diabetes can accuse peripheral neuropathy - sensation of the feet is impaired which can lead to foot ulcers

Question 23

describe the dermatomes of the sole of foot

Answer 23

very lateral to posterior margin = sural nerve (s1)
5th and lateral half 4th down to just before heel = lateral plantar (s1)
medial half 4th to great toe to heel = medial plantar nerve (L4/5)
middle of medial aspect = saphenous nerve (l4)
heel = tibial nerve

Question 24

describe the dermatomes of the dorsal foot

Answer 24

tips of toes = medial plantar nerve (L4/5)
majority of top of foot = superficial fibular nerve (L4/5)
lateral margin = sural nerve (s1)
medial posterior = saphenous nerve (L4)
between big toe and second toe = deep fibular