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Year 2 - Movement > Forearm and Wrist > Flashcards

Forearm and Wrist Flashcards

1
Q

describe the 3 borders of the radius

A

anterior

posterior - distinct only in middle third of the bone

interosseous border - sharp and site for where the radius and ulna link

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2
Q

what roughening is found on the lateral surface of the radius

A

oval roughening for attachment of pronator teres

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3
Q

what is there to easily distinguish between the posterior and anterior surface o the radius

A

large dorsal tubercle

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4
Q

what is found on the distal medial aspect of the radius

A

ulnar notch

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5
Q

what is found on the lateral aspect of the distal head of the radius

A

diamond shaped and has a radial styloid process

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6
Q

describe the three borders of the ulna

A

anterior - smooth, except distally
posterior - sharp and palpable
interosseous - joins ulna and radius

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7
Q

what is found at the distal end of the ulna

A

ulnar styloid process

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8
Q

what covers the distal head of the ulna

A

ulnar styloid process

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9
Q

describe the distal radio-ulnar joint

A

occurs between head of ulna and ulnar notch on the radius - has fibrous articular disc to separate it from the wrist joint

this joint allows the distal end of the radius to move anteromedially over the ulna in pronation

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10
Q

describe the process of pronation vs supination

A

occurs only in the forearm - distal end of the radius moves over the ulna

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11
Q

during pronation what holds the bones together

A

anular ligamento of the radius at the promixal radio-ulnar joint
interosseous membrane along the length of the bones
articular disc at the distal radio-ulnar joint

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12
Q

what two muscles allow pronation

A

pronator teres and pronator quadratus fond in the anterior compartment of the arm

contraction = pull distal end of the radius over the ulna = pronation

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13
Q

what are the routes of pronator muscle attachments

A

pronator teres - medial epicondyle on the humerus to lateral surface of the radius midway along the shaft

pronator quadratura - extends between anterior surfaces at the distal end of the radius and ulna

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14
Q

what muscles supinate the forearm

A

muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm and the biceps

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15
Q

how does the biceps brachii cause supination

A

largest of the supinators

works best when the elbow is flexed

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16
Q

what is the anconeus muscle

A

proximal posterior compartment of the forearm from lateral epicondyle to lateral surface of proximal ulna

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17
Q

which two forearm muscles form the cubital fossa

A

brachioradialis which originates form the lateral supra-epicondylar ridge
pronator teres mussen and flexors originating from the medial epicondyle

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18
Q

what are the major constituents of the cubital fossa from lateral to medial

A

the tendon of the biceps brachii
the brachial artery
median nerve

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19
Q

describe the parameters of the cubital fossa triangle

A

base is line between lateral and medial epicondyles
floor covered by brachialis
pronator teres on the medial aspect and brachioradialis from the lateral side

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20
Q

what does the brachial artery bifurcate into

A

ulnar and radial artery (radial is thumb side when supinated)

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21
Q

what does the radial and ulnar artery supply

A 
radial = posterior aspect of forearm 
ulnar = anterior
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22
Q

what happens distally to he radial and ulnar arteries

A

anastomose to form the deep and superficial palmar arch

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23
Q

what are the nerves that occupy the anterior compartment of the forearm

A

median nerve
ulnar nerve
superficial branch of the radial nerve

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24
Q

describe the route and innervation of the median nerve

A

innervates all muscles anteriorly except flexor carpi ulnas and medial part of the flexor digitorum profundus

travels in the forearm deep to the flexor digitorum superficials muscle. enters pan of hand via the carpel tunnel

25
Q

describe the route and innervation of the ulnar nerve in the anterior compartment of the forearm

A

innervates flexor carpi ulnas and medial part of flexor digitorum profundus (ring and little fingers)

26
Q

where is the ulnar artery compared to the ulnar nerve

A

ulnar artery is lateral to the nerve in the distal two thirds of the forearms

27
Q

describe the route and innervation of the superficial radial branch of the radial nerve

A

anterior compartment - sensory
travels deeps to the brachioradialis in association with the radial artery
innervates skin on the posterolateral side of the hand

28
Q

which nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the forearm

A

radial nerve (mainly deep branch)

29
Q

what happens to the deep radial nerve

A

becomes posterior interosseous nerve after emerging between the two heads of the supinator muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm

30
Q

describe what the radial nerve innervates in different areas

A

innervates the brachiradialis and extensor carpi radialis longus
the deep branch innervates the extensor carpi radialis bravis

BEST - brachioradialis, extensors, supinator, triceps

31
Q

what does the posterior interosseous muscle innervate

A

all remaining muscles of the forearm posterior compartment (does not travel through carpel tunnel)

32
Q

where do all flexors of the forearm originate

A

medial epicondyle

33
Q

what 3 muscles occupy the superficial layer of the forearm (anterior compartment)

A

flexor carpi ulnaris
palmris longus
flexor carpi radialis
(pronator teres)

34
Q

what is the role of the flexor carpi ulnaris

A

most medial of sup layer
humeral and ulnar head which inserts into pisiform bone in wrist
most powerful flexor of forearm and adductor of wrist
innervated by the ulnar nerve

35
Q

what is the structure and role of the palmaris longus

A

(absent in 15% of population)
lies between flexor carpi longus and ulnaris
inserts into flexor retinaculum
accessory flexor of wrist and innervated by median nerve

36
Q

what is the role of the flexor carpi radialis

A

lateral to palmar is longus - large tendon medial distal anterior forearm
inserts into metacarpals 2 and 3
flex and abduct the wrist
innervated by median nerve

37
Q

which muscle occupies the intermediate layer of the anterior forearm

A

flexor digitorum superficialis

38
Q

what is the structure role of the flexor digitorum superficials

A

two heads which form 4 tendons pass through carpel tunnel and into 4 fingers
flexes the metacarpophalangeal joint and proximal interphalangeal joint of each finger and flexes wrist
innervated by median nerve (just deep to this muscle)

39
Q

which muscles occupy the deep layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm

A

flexor digitorum profundus

flexor pollicis longus

40
Q

what is the structure and role of the flexor digitourm profundus

A

deep to the FDS - gives rise to four tendons which go through carpal tunnel into 4 fingers - insert into distal phalanx

innervated by: 
lateral half (index and middle) - anterior interosseous nerve (branch of median) 
medial half (little and ring) ulnar nerve

flexes wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints and proximal and distal interphalangeal joints

41
Q

what is the structure and role of the flexor pollicis longus

A

forms single large tendon which goes into the thumb - attaches to base of the distal phalanx
flexes thumb
innervated by anterior interosseous nerve

42
Q

where to the majority of extensors of the forearm originate from and what innervates them

A

lateral epicondyle

all innervated by the radial nerve

43
Q

what are the muscles of the superficial layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm

A 
brachioradialis 
extensor carpi radialis longus 
extensor carpi radialis brevis 
extensor digitorum 
extensor digiti minimi 
extensor carpi ulnaris
44
Q

what are the muscles of the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm

A

abductor pollicus longus
extensor pollicus brevis
extensor pollicus longus
extensor indics

45
Q

what is the structure and role of the brachioradialis

A

not an extensor
from lateral supraepicondylar ridge to lateral side of ulnar styloid process
accessory flexor of the elbow, innervated by the radial nerve

46
Q

what is the structure and role of the extensor carpi radialis longus

A

deep to brachioradialis - from lateral epicondyle to dorsal surface of base of metacarpal 2 - extends and abducts wrist

47
Q

what is the structure and role of the extensor carpi radialis brevis

A

lies deep to longus and inserts into adjacent dorsal surfaces of metacarpals 2 and 3
extends and abducts wrist

48
Q

what is the structure and role of the extensor digitorum

A

major extensor of the 4 fingers

dorsal surface of hand - tendons insert via extensor hood into middle and distal phalanges

49
Q

what is the structure and role of the extensor digit minimi

A

accessory extensor of little finger (medial to extensor digitorum)

50
Q

what is the structure and role of the extensor carpi ulnaris

A

medial to minimi - inserts into medial side of base of metacarpal 5 - extends and adducts wrist

51
Q

what is the structure and role of the abductor pollicus longus

A

emerges between extensor digitiurm and extensor carpi radialis brevis to form tendon which passes into thumb and inter laterally to base of metacarpal 1
abduct thumb at metacarpal 1 and trapezium bone

52
Q

what is the structure and role of the extensor pollicis brevis

A

same emergence at abductor pollicis longus
inserts into thumb over metacarpal 1 and on dorsal surface at base of proximal phalanx
extends the metapophalangeal and carpometacarpel joints of the thumb

53
Q

what is the structure and role of the extensor pollicis longus

A

inserts into dorsal surface of distal phalanx of thumb

extends all joints of the thumb

54
Q

what is the structure and role of the extensor indices

A

accessory extensor fo the index finger - inserts into extensor hood of the index finger with extensor digitorum

55
Q

what holds the tendons of the extensor muscles together

A

extensor retinaculum

56
Q

what is the anatomical snuffbox

A

triangular depression on anterolateral aspect of thumb by extensor tendons

57
Q

what are the borders of the anatomical snuffbox

A

lateral = abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis

medial = extensor politic longus

floor = scaphoid and trapezium (distal ends of extensor carpi radialis longus and extensor carpi radialis brevis)

58
Q

what vessels pass through the anatomical snuff box

A

radial artery
terminal branche of the superficial branch of the radial nerve
origin of the cephalic vein

Year 2 - Movement (14 decks)

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