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Year 2 - Movement > Clinical Lower Limb > Flashcards

Clinical Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

what is a kyphosis and where is it seen

A

thoracic and sacral curvature of the spine like in the foetus

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2
Q

what is lordosis

A

cervical and lumber - develops later

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3
Q

what is scoliosis

A

spinal is not straight in the coronal plane

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4
Q

what makes c1 and c2 atypical

A

C1 atlas - is a ring, anterior / posterior arches with lateral masses
no body or spinous process

C2 axis - has dens which articulates with arch of C1 which is held in place by transverse ligament

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5
Q

what can cause fractures of the dens

A

hyperextension or hyperflexion

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6
Q

describe the structure of costo-vertabral joints

A

head of the rib articulates with the superior demi facet of the corresponding vertebra and the inferior demifacet of the vertebra above

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7
Q

what does the tubercle of the rib articulate with

A

costal facet on the transverse processionals

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8
Q

who are most susceptible to common wedge fractures

A

post-menopausal women

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9
Q

describe the structure of the thoracic vertebrae

A

body is heart shaped with superior and inferior costal demi-facets
long spinous process - extends downwards
has transverse process for tubercle of rib
2 articular facets for other vertebrae

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10
Q

what are the effects of ageing on the vertebrae

A

loss of bone density and concave vertebral bodies

development of osetphytes

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11
Q

describe the structure of the lumber vertebrae

A

large vertebral body
superior facet face medially
inferior facet face laterally
spinous process short and sturdy

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12
Q

what are the three typical fractures of the lumbar vertebrae

A

lumbar transverse or spinous

burst

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13
Q

what is spondylolithesis

A

slipping of vertebra

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14
Q

what are intervertebral discs composed of

A

annulus fibrosis - peripheral fibrocartiledge

nucleus pulposus - central gélatinés shock absorber

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15
Q

what happens to vertebral discs with ageing

A

nucelus pulposus dries and prone to tearing

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16
Q

what is a slipped disc, where does it normally occur

A

herniation of the disc normally in L4/5 or L5/s1

compress spinal nerve rotes and cause pain

17
Q

what can slipped discs cause

A

cauda equina syndrome (surgery required)

compression of the cord itself

18
Q

what are the three ligaments of the vertebrae

A 
anterior longitudinal (resist hyperextension) 
posterior longitudinal 
ligamentum flavum (binds lamina)
19
Q

what is whiplash

A

flexion or extension injure

anterior longitudinal ligament torn

20
Q

what is lower limb ischameia most commonly associated with

A

atherosclerotic disease (chronic)

21
Q

what is acute ischaemia usually due to

A

occlusive thrombus or embolus in an artery

22
Q

describe chronic lower limb ischameia

A

gradual process - causes anerobic metabolism - intermittent claudication

23
Q

what can critical ischameia in the lower limb cause

A

ulceration and gangrene

24
Q

describe sudden acute ischaemia of the lower limb

A

usually caused by emboli in the heart or patient with AF
sudden reduction in tissue perfusion
6 p’s of symptoms - pain, pallor, paralysis, pulse deficit, parastheisa, poikilothermic

25
Q

where is atherosclerosis most commonly made

A

affects large and medium conduit arteries
turbulence of blood flow at biurification
coronal, carotid and lower limb arteries and aorta itself

26
Q

what are the 4 stages in the fontaine classification of limb ischameia

A

1 asymp
2 intermittent claudication
3 ischamic rest pain
4 ulceration / gangrene (critical ischameia)

27
Q

what is the difference between wet and dry gangrene in critical ischamea

A

wet - tissue necrosis and infection, black soft putrid

dry - tissue necrosis without infection - common in chronic ischamia
usually affects toes first

28
Q

why is the femoral artery clinically relevant

A

superficial in femoral triangle - vulnerable
easy to access for blood gas in emergencies
use in minimally invasive procedures such as coronary angiography

29
Q

what is the femoral vein used for in the clinical setting

A

emergency IV access
temporary access during burns, trauma
venipuncture in emergencies

30
Q

which the vein other than the femoral vein is used for emergency iv access in the lower limb

A

great saphenous vein next to medial malleolus

31
Q

what are varicose veins and where are they common

A

in the lower limb - large protrusive veins

32
Q

what are varicose veins caused by and what are the complications

A

increased pressure in the saphenous vein = obstruction causes stagnation of blood and ulceration

complications - bleeding, superficial thrombophlebitis
varicose ulcers

33
Q

what is a DVT and where are they common with what symps

A

thrombus in the deep veins of pelvis or legs - swollen limb, red warm and painful
can cause PE
50% have long term complications

Year 2 - Movement (14 decks)

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