Upper & Lower Extremity Anatomy Flashcards
How many vertebrae do we have?
33
In five regions
Where does motion occur in the vertebrae?
In the superior 25 vertebrae (the remaining 8 in the sacrum and coccyx are fused)
Primary vertebral column curvatures? Secondary curvatures?
Primary: thoracic and sacral
Secondary: cervical and lumbar
Components of a typical vertebrae?
Vertebral body, vertebral arch (2 pedicles and 2 laminae), vertebral processes (2 transverse, 4 articular, 1 spinous)
Vertebral foramen
Canal formed by the posterior surface of the vertebral body and the vertebral arch
Intervertebral foramen
Formed by the superior and inferior vertebral notch and give passage to the spinal nerves
What is the intervertebral disk composed of?
Annulus fibrosus (outer fibrous part) and the nucleus pulposus (gelatinous central mass)
Where do the intervertebral disks start and stop?
C2/C3 and L5/S1
What is the name of the joint between the superior and inferior articular processes of the vertebrae?
Facet or zygapophysial joint
It’s a plane joint that allows gliding motion
What ligaments flank the vertebral bodies?
Anterior longitudinal and posterior longitudinal
What are the joints of the pelvic girdle?
Sacro-iliac joints (x2) and the pubic symphysis
Three ligaments of the hip
Iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral
Name of the articular portion of the acetabulum?
Lunate (articular) surface
Acetabular fossa
Non-articular part in the center of the acetabulum
Acetabular labrum
Fibrocartilaginous rim that increases the depth of the acetabulum
Transverse acetabular ligament
A continuation of the labrum that bridges the acetabular notch
Ligament of head of femur
Between head of femur and acetabular fossa; usually contains an artery to the femoral head
Three ligaments of the knee?
Lateral collateral ligament (also fibular), medial collateral ligament (also tibial), and the patellar ligament
What connects the anterior aspects of the menisci in the knee?
The transverse ligament of the knee
Which menisci is continuous with its adjacent collateral ligament?
The medial meniscus!
Insertion points for the anterior cruciate ligament?
Anterior tibia to the medial part of the lateral femoral condyle
Insertion points for the posterior cruciate ligament?
Posterior tibia to the lateral part of the medial femoral condyle
What is the unhappy triad?
Tears to the ACL, MCL, and medial meniscus
What bones make up the ankle joint?
Medial malleolus of the tibia, lateral malleolus of the fibula, and the talus
How many ligament comprise the lateral ligament of the ankle?
3
How many ligaments comprise the medial ligament of the ankle?
Alternate name for the medial ligament of the ankle?
4
Deltoid ligament
What innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh?
The femoral nerve (L2-4)
What innervates the medial compartment of the thigh?
Obturator nerve (L2-4)
What innervates the posterior compartment of the thigh?
Sciatic nerve
What does the sciatic nerve separate into just superior to the popliteal fossa?
tibial nerve (posterior compartment of leg) and common fibular/peroneal nerve
What does the fibular/peroneal nerve separate into?
Deep fibular nerve (anterior compartment leg) and the superficial fibular nerve (lateral compartment of leg)
What is the only articulation between the upper extremity and the axial skeleton?
The sternoclavicular joint
What are the four ligaments of the sternoclavicular joint?
Anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments, interclavicular ligament, and the costoclavicular ligaments
What two ligaments comprise the coracoclavicular ligament and provide most of the strength and stability to the acromioclavicular joint?
The conoid (more medial) and trapezoid (more lateral) ligaments
What ligament forms an arch over the humeral head preventing superior shoulder displacement?
The coracoacromial ligament
What ligament keeps the long head of the biceps brachii located in the intertubercular groove of the humerus?
The transverse ligament of the humerus
What are the four rotator cuff muscles?
- Supraspinatus - abduction
- Infraspinatus - external rotation
- Teres minor - external rotation
- Subscapularis - internal rotation
What three joints comprise the elbow?
- Humero-ulnar joint
- Humero-radial joint
- Proximal radioulnar joint
What ligaments reinforce the elbow joint capsule?
The medial (ulnar) and lateral (radial) collateral ligaments
What comprises the proximal radioulnar joint?
The articulation of the radial head and the radial notch of the ulna
The annular ligament holds the head of the radius in place
What comprises the distal radioulnar joint?
The articulation of the ulnar head with the ulnar notch of the radius + the articular disc from the medial side of the radius to the ulnar styloid process (makes an L)
What comprises the radiocarpal joint?
The articulation between the distal radius and the scaphoid and lunate bones
What two nerves (that we’re responsible for) branch off the posterior cord of the brachial plexus?
The axillary nerve and the radial nerve
What does the axillary nerve innervate?
Shoulder
Responsible for abduction & external rotation
What does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate?
Anterior arm
Responsible for elbow flexion
What does the radial nerve innervate?
Posterior arm and forearm
Responsible for elbow, wrist, and finger extension
What does the median nerve innervate?
Dominant nerve to anterior forearm
Responsible for wrist and finger flexion
What does the ulnar nerve innervate?
Dominant nerve of the hand & 1.5 muscles in the forearm
What four muscles act on the radioulnar joints?
Pronation:
- Pronator teres (median nerve)
- Pronator quadratus (median nerve)
Supination:
- Biceps brachii (musculocutaneous nerve)
- Supinator (radial nerve)
What is Hilton’s Law?
A joint is innervated by the same nerves that innervate the muscles that move the joints
