Upper & Lower Extremity Anatomy

Question 1

How many vertebrae do we have?

Answer 1

33

In five regions

Question 2

Where does motion occur in the vertebrae?

Answer 2

In the superior 25 vertebrae (the remaining 8 in the sacrum and coccyx are fused)

Question 3

Primary vertebral column curvatures? Secondary curvatures?

Answer 3

Primary: thoracic and sacral

Secondary: cervical and lumbar

Question 4

Components of a typical vertebrae?

Answer 4

Vertebral body, vertebral arch (2 pedicles and 2 laminae), vertebral processes (2 transverse, 4 articular, 1 spinous)

Question 5

Vertebral foramen

Answer 5

Canal formed by the posterior surface of the vertebral body and the vertebral arch

Question 6

Intervertebral foramen

Answer 6

Formed by the superior and inferior vertebral notch and give passage to the spinal nerves

Question 7

What is the intervertebral disk composed of?

Answer 7

Annulus fibrosus (outer fibrous part) and the nucleus pulposus (gelatinous central mass)

Question 8

Where do the intervertebral disks start and stop?

Answer 8

C2/C3 and L5/S1

Question 9

What is the name of the joint between the superior and inferior articular processes of the vertebrae?

Answer 9

Facet or zygapophysial joint

It’s a plane joint that allows gliding motion

Question 10

What ligaments flank the vertebral bodies?

Answer 10

Anterior longitudinal and posterior longitudinal

Question 11

What are the joints of the pelvic girdle?

Answer 11

Sacro-iliac joints (x2) and the pubic symphysis

Question 12

Three ligaments of the hip

Answer 12

Iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral

Question 13

Name of the articular portion of the acetabulum?

Answer 13

Lunate (articular) surface

Question 14

Acetabular fossa

Answer 14

Non-articular part in the center of the acetabulum

Question 15

Acetabular labrum

Answer 15

Fibrocartilaginous rim that increases the depth of the acetabulum

Question 16

Transverse acetabular ligament

Answer 16

A continuation of the labrum that bridges the acetabular notch

Question 17

Ligament of head of femur

Answer 17

Between head of femur and acetabular fossa; usually contains an artery to the femoral head

Question 18

Three ligaments of the knee?

Answer 18

Lateral collateral ligament (also fibular), medial collateral ligament (also tibial), and the patellar ligament

Question 19

What connects the anterior aspects of the menisci in the knee?

Answer 19

The transverse ligament of the knee

Question 20

Which menisci is continuous with its adjacent collateral ligament?

Answer 20

The medial meniscus!

Question 21

Insertion points for the anterior cruciate ligament?

Answer 21

Anterior tibia to the medial part of the lateral femoral condyle

Question 22

Insertion points for the posterior cruciate ligament?

Answer 22

Posterior tibia to the lateral part of the medial femoral condyle

Question 23

What is the unhappy triad?

Answer 23

Tears to the ACL, MCL, and medial meniscus

Question 24

What bones make up the ankle joint?

Answer 24

Medial malleolus of the tibia, lateral malleolus of the fibula, and the talus

Question 25

How many ligament comprise the lateral ligament of the ankle?

Answer 25

3

Question 26

How many ligaments comprise the medial ligament of the ankle? Alternate name for the medial ligament of the ankle?

Answer 26

4 Deltoid ligament

Question 27

What innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh?

Answer 27

The femoral nerve (L2-4)

Question 28

What innervates the medial compartment of the thigh?

Answer 28

Obturator nerve (L2-4)

Question 29

What innervates the posterior compartment of the thigh?

Answer 29

Sciatic nerve

Question 30

What does the sciatic nerve separate into just superior to the popliteal fossa?

Answer 30

tibial nerve (posterior compartment of leg) and common fibular/peroneal nerve

Question 31

What does the fibular/peroneal nerve separate into?

Answer 31

Deep fibular nerve (anterior compartment leg) and the superficial fibular nerve (lateral compartment of leg)

Question 32

What is the only articulation between the upper extremity and the axial skeleton?

Answer 32

The sternoclavicular joint

Question 33

What are the four ligaments of the sternoclavicular joint?

Answer 33

Anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments, interclavicular ligament, and the costoclavicular ligaments

Question 34

What two ligaments comprise the coracoclavicular ligament and provide most of the strength and stability to the acromioclavicular joint?

Answer 34

The conoid (more medial) and trapezoid (more lateral) ligaments

Question 35

What ligament forms an arch over the humeral head preventing superior shoulder displacement?

Answer 35

The coracoacromial ligament

Question 36

What ligament keeps the long head of the biceps brachii located in the intertubercular groove of the humerus?

Answer 36

The transverse ligament of the humerus

Question 37

What are the four rotator cuff muscles?

Answer 37

1. Supraspinatus - abduction 2. Infraspinatus - external rotation 3. Teres minor - external rotation 4. Subscapularis - internal rotation

Question 38

What three joints comprise the elbow?

Answer 38

1. Humero-ulnar joint 2. Humero-radial joint 3. Proximal radioulnar joint

Question 39

What ligaments reinforce the elbow joint capsule?

Answer 39

The medial (ulnar) and lateral (radial) collateral ligaments

Question 40

What comprises the proximal radioulnar joint?

Answer 40

The articulation of the radial head and the radial notch of the ulna The annular ligament holds the head of the radius in place

Question 41

What comprises the distal radioulnar joint?

Answer 41

The articulation of the ulnar head with the ulnar notch of the radius + the articular disc from the medial side of the radius to the ulnar styloid process (makes an L)

Question 42

What comprises the radiocarpal joint?

Answer 42

The articulation between the distal radius and the scaphoid and lunate bones

Question 43

What two nerves (that we're responsible for) branch off the posterior cord of the brachial plexus?

Answer 43

The axillary nerve and the radial nerve

Question 44

What does the axillary nerve innervate?

Answer 44

Shoulder Responsible for abduction & external rotation

Question 45

What does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate?

Answer 45

Anterior arm Responsible for elbow flexion

Question 46

What does the radial nerve innervate?

Answer 46

Posterior arm and forearm Responsible for elbow, wrist, and finger extension

Question 47

What does the median nerve innervate?

Answer 47

Dominant nerve to anterior forearm Responsible for wrist and finger flexion

Question 48

What does the ulnar nerve innervate?

Answer 48

Dominant nerve of the hand & 1.5 muscles in the forearm

Question 49

What four muscles act on the radioulnar joints?

Answer 49

Pronation: - Pronator teres (median nerve) - Pronator quadratus (median nerve) Supination: - Biceps brachii (musculocutaneous nerve) - Supinator (radial nerve)

Question 50

What is Hilton's Law?

Answer 50

A joint is innervated by the same nerves that innervate the muscles that move the joints