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MS1 Fall > Nervous System Anatomy > Flashcards

Nervous System Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What drains into the superior petrosal sinus?

A

the cavernous sinus

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2
Q

What is the conus medularis?

A

The tapering cone of the spinal cord

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3
Q

Where do you sample blood from to determine if there is a subarachnoid bleed?

A

The CSF

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4
Q

Do the spinal nerves in the thoracic, sacral, and lumbar regions lie superior or inferior to their corresponding vertebrae?

A

Inferior

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5
Q

Where is the proportion of white matter greater: cervical region or lumbar region?

A

Cervical because there are more axons traveling down the spine there

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6
Q

What two things drain into dural sinuses?

A

Cerebral veins and arachnoid granulations

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7
Q

What suture separates the two parietal bones?

A

The sagittal suture

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8
Q

What do gray ramus communicans do?

A

Carry postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the sympathetic ganglia to the spinal nerves, and are composed of largely unmyelinated neurons.

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9
Q

What does CN VIII do?

A

Hearing

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10
Q

Anterior rami innervate what?

A

Everything the posterior doesn’t - so the entire body except for the back

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11
Q

What cranial nerve(s) pass through the foramen lacerum?

A

None

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12
Q

What makes up white matter? Neuron cell bodies or axons?

A

Axons

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13
Q

Loss of information from CNS to motor neuron/skeletal muscle is termed what?

A

Paralysis

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14
Q

What space in the spine do you inject a local anesthetic into for a nerve block?

A

The epidural space

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15
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Sight

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16
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

Hearing, learning, and feelings

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17
Q

What does the sciatic nerve branch into at the popliteal fossa?

A

The tibial nerve and the common fibular nerve

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18
Q

What type of dura surrounds spinal cord and spinal nerves?

A

Meningeal dura

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19
Q

Name CN V. Is it sensory, motor, or both?

A

Trigeminal

BOTH

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20
Q

What molecules are not allowed to pass through the blood-brain barrier?

A

Urea, creatinine, proteins, some toxins, ions, and drugs

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21
Q

What is the main integration center for ANS activity?

A

the hypothalamus

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22
Q

What does the diencephalon do?

A

Acts a relay between the brainstem and the cerebral cortex

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23
Q

What connects the arachnoid mater to the pia mater?

A

Arachnoid trabeculae

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24
Q

What is the major medullary artery? What does it supply?

A

Medullary artery of Adamkiewicz

Supplies blood to lower 2/3 of the spinal cord. Originates between T9 and L1

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25
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area located?

A

The parietal lobe

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26
Q

What spinal nerves have both white and gray communicantes?

A

T1 - L2

14 pairs in total

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27
Q

What do dorsal roots contain?

A

Sensory, afferent

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28
Q

What cranial nerve(s) pass through the jugular foramen?

A

CN IX, X, and XI

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29
Q

What makes up gray matter?

A

Neuronal cell bodies

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30
Q

What does the medulla oblongota do?

A

Regulates circulation, digestion, and swallowing

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31
Q

Where is a needle placed during a cisternal puncture?

A

Between occipt and atlas

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32
Q

What parasympathetic ganglia is associated with CN X?

A

Enteric ganglia

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33
Q

What cranial nerve(s) pass through the foramen ovale?

A

V3

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34
Q

Name CN VIII. Is it sensory, motor, or both?

A

Vestibulocochlear

Sensory

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35
Q

What are the roots of the sciatic nerve?

A

L4 - S3

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36
Q

Is the arachnoid mater vascularized?

A

No

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37
Q

What vertebrae are associated with the brachial plexus?

A

C5 - T1

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38
Q

What myelinates axons in the CNS?

A

oligodendrocytes

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39
Q

What cranial nerve(s) pass through the foramen spinosum?

A

None

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40
Q

What crainal nerves are part of the parasympathetic NS?

A

CNs III, VII, IX, and X (3, 7, 9, 10)

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41
Q

What does the sciatic nerve innervate?

A

The posterior compartment of the thigh

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42
Q

Posterior rami innervate what?

A

The back

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43
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Abnormal accumulation of CSF in the brain

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44
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Compares what you intend to do with what you actually do and makes corrections It also assists in balance and coordination

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45
Q

What does the metathalamus do?

A

Medial (auditory relay) and lateral (visual) geniculate bodies

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46
Q

Anterior and posterior rami both contain what?

A

Motor and sensory nerve fibers

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47
Q

Is the pia mater vascularized?

A

Yes

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48
Q

Do the spinal nerves in the cervical region lie superior or inferior to their corresponding vertebrae?

A

Superior

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49
Q

What is the major nerve of the sacral plexus and where does it exit the pelvis?

A

Scatic nerve

Exits through the greater sciatic foramen

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50
Q

What do anterior rami innervate?

A

Muscles of the neck, trunk, and extremities

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51
Q

Stimulation of the preganglionic cells in the adrenal medulla does what?

A

Releases epinepherine (80%) and norepinepherine (20%) directly into the blood

Under control of the hypothalamus

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52
Q

What do white rami communicantes do?

A

Carry pregnglionic sympathetic neurons from the spinal cord to the paravertebral ganglia

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53
Q

What does the superficial fibular nerve innervate?

A

The lateral compartment of the leg

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54
Q

What is the preganglionic neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine for both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

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55
Q

A spinal nerve divides into anterior and posterior ______

A

rami

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56
Q

Name CN II. Is it sensory, motor, or both?

A

Optic

Sensory

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57
Q

What lies beneath the pterion?

A

The middle meningeal artery

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58
Q

Where are the dural venous sinuses located?

A

In between the two dural layers

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59
Q

How is the spinal cord tethered to the coccyx?

A

Via the filum terminale (an extension of pia mater)

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60
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

“gateway” to the cerebral cortex; major relay center of sensory and motor signals

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61
Q

What do white ramus communicans do?

A

Carry preganglionic sympathetic fibers from the spinal nerves to the sympathetic ganglia

heavy myelinated neurons give the rami their white appearance

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62
Q

What spinal nerves are associated with the Lesser Splanchnic Nerve? What ganglia does it synpase with?

A

T10 - T11

Aorticorenal Ganglion + Superior Mesenteric Ganglion

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63
Q

Where are the post-ganglionic sympathetic neuron cell bodies located?

A

Either in the paravertebral ganglia (sympathetic chain ganglia) or in a prevertebral ganglia (celiac, superior mesenteric ganglia, etc)

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64
Q

What is the pterion?

A

The spot where the frontal, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal bones unite

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65
Q

The brachial plexus contains the convergence of what spinal nerves?

A

C5 - T1

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66
Q

What causes blood to accumulate in the subdural space?

A

Tear in a cerebral vein; often seen in the elderly

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67
Q

What determines whether a nerve cell releases neurotransmitters?

A

The summation of its positive and negative inputs

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68
Q

Space between cranial bones and the dura mater?

A

Epidural space

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69
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

Language and touch

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70
Q

What is the postganglionic/effector neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic: Norepinepherine

Parasympathetic: Acetylcholine

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71
Q

What parasympathetic ganglia is associated with CN IX?

A

Otic ganglia

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72
Q

Where do we not find parasympathetic fibers?

A

Limbs and skin

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73
Q

What does the midbrain do?

A

Important to vision and hearing

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74
Q

Which layer of the dura mater is sensitive to pain?

A

The outer periosteal layer

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75
Q

What nerve provides sensory innervation to the space between the big toe and second toe?

A

Deep fibular nerve

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76
Q

Which spinal level(s) have lateral horns?

A

Thoracic & Sacral

Thoracic: Lateral horns are for preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic NS

Sacral: Lateral horns are for preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic NS

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77
Q

Where is a spinal tap typically done? Why?

A

Between L3 and L4 because the cauda equina has replaced the spinal cord

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78
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Contributes to control of the ANS, endocrine system, appetite, and thirst

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79
Q

What is the venous drainage of the spinal cord?

A

2 anterior and 3 posterior spinal veins

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80
Q

What cranial nerve(s) pass through the internal auditory meatus?

A

CN VII and VIII

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81
Q

What percentage of the brain’s neurons are in the cerebellum?

A

50%

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82
Q

What joins the carotid and vertebral arterial systems?

A

The Circle of Willis (this is an anastomosis)

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83
Q

What are sensory receptors of the autonomic NS?

A

Mechanoreceptors (pressure, stretch)

chemoreceptors (chemical concentration)

nocioceptors (stretch, ischemia)

thermoreceptors (changes in temp or circulating blood)

84
Q

Name CN VI. Is it sensory, motor, or both?

A

Abducens

Motor

85
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

brain, spinal cord, and CN II (optic nerve)

86
Q

Descending pathways (efferent/motor) in the spinal cord are named in what way?

A

…….spinal

ex: lateral corticospinal tract, rubrospinal tract

87
Q

What does CN II pass through in the skull base?

A

The optic canal

88
Q

Name CN XII. Is it sensory, motor, or both?

A

Hypoglossal

Motor

89
Q

Where in the brainstem do we also get ANS control?

A

Medulla oblongata and the pons

90
Q

What suture separates the occipital bone from the two parietal bones?

A

The lambdoid suture

91
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

Nerves lower than L2 - rootlets mostly

92
Q

Autonomic motor neurons go to what?

A

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

93
Q

What does CN V do?

A

Sensory to face (including anterior 2/3 of the tongue!) and motor to muscles of mastication

94
Q

Where is the integration center for spinal reflexes?

A

Gray matter of spinal cord

95
Q

What level of the spinal cord is the sympathetic nervous system located? The parasympathetic?

A

Sympathetic: thoracolumbar (T12 - L2)

Parasympathetic: craniosacral (CN 3, 7, 9, 10) + S2-4

96
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

Thinking, memory, behavior, and movement

97
Q

What cranial nerve(s) pass through the superior orbital fissure?

A

CN III, IV, VI, and V1

98
Q

What does CN 1 do?

A

Sense of smell

99
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system subdivided into?

A

Somatic and autonomic nervous systems

Somatic is voluntary

Autonomic is involuntary

100
Q

What is a denticulate ligament?

A

Extensions of pia mater that pass through arachnoid mater to attached to dura

Help anchor and stablize the spinal cord

101
Q

What two sinuses converge to make the sigmoid sinus?

A

The superior petrosal sinus and the transverse sinus

102
Q

What is the end of the spinal cord refferred to as?

A

The conus medularis

103
Q

What is the neutrotransmitter(s) used in the sympathetic NS?

A

Presynaptic: acetylcholine

Postsynaptic: epinephrine or norepinephrine

104
Q

What innervates the sole of the foot?

A

The tibial nerve

105
Q

What are the four plexuses of spinal nerves?

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Brachial
  3. Lumbar
  4. Sacral
106
Q

How many lobes are in the cerebral hemisphere? Name them.

A

Four

Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital

107
Q

What are the extensions of pia mater that pass through the arachnoid mater and attach to dura to help stabilize the spinal cord?

A

Denticulate ligament

108
Q

How does the intimal pia adhere to underlying nervous tissue?

A

Via astrocytes

109
Q

Space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater?

A

Subdural space

110
Q

What does CN XII pass through in the skull base?

A

the hypoglossal canal

111
Q

What spinal nerves are associated with the Greater Splanchnic Nerve? What ganglia does it synpase with?

A

T5 - T9

The Celiac Ganglion

112
Q

What does the epithalamus do?

A

It contains the pineal gland (circadian rhythm) and the habenular nuclei (olfaction)

113
Q

Where are the preganglionic sympathetic neuron cell bodies located?

A

Lateral horns of T1 - L2

114
Q

How are somatic sensations characterized?

A

Conscious, sharp, well-localized, touch, pain, temperature, pressure, proprioception

115
Q

Ascending pathways (afferent/sensory) in the spinal cord are named in what way?

A

spino. …
ex: spinocerebellar tracts, lateral spinothalamic tract

116
Q

What does CN XI do?

A

Motor to SCM and trapezius

117
Q

What do ventral roots contain?

A

Motor, efferent, from CNS

118
Q

What does CN VI do?

A

Movement of lateral rectus muscle

119
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system subdivided into?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

120
Q

What does the obturator nerve innervate?

A

The medial compartment of the thigh

121
Q

Space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater?

A

Subarachnoid space (this space is filled with CSF!)

122
Q

Name CN VII. Is it sensory, motor, or both?

A

Facial

BOTH

123
Q

What does the tibial nerve innervate?

A

The posterior compartment of the leg

124
Q

What does CN XII do?

A

Movement of the tongue

125
Q

What does the pons do?

A

Bridge between cerebral cortex and medulla; relays information between cerebrum and cerebellum

Also important site for control of respiration

126
Q

What suture separates the frontal bone from the two parietal bones?

A

The coronal suture

127
Q

What does the sigmoid sinus drain into?

A

the internal jugular vein

128
Q

Two ways to collect CSF?

A

Cisternal puncture or a lumbar puncture

129
Q

What is a real space (vs. a potential space) in the brain?

A

The subarachnoid space

Ruptured aneurysms occur there; arterial bleeds

Presents with severe headache and stiff neck

130
Q

What does CN IV do?

A

Movement of superior oblique muscle

131
Q

How are ascending sensory spinal tracts named in the spinal cord?

A

spino. …
ex: ventral corticospinal tract

132
Q

What are the five terminal branches of the brachial plexus?

A
  1. Musculocutaneous nerve
  2. Median nerve
  3. Ulnar nerve
  4. Axillary nerve
  5. Radial nerve
133
Q

What arteries supply blood to the brain?

A

Internal carotid and the vertebral arteries

134
Q

What makes up the brainstem?

A

Midbrain, pons, and medulla

135
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A

Crainal and spinal nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors

136
Q

What causes blood to accumulate in the epidural space?

A

Often a tear in the middle meningeal artery

Blood must be drained from the pterion

137
Q

Are the plexuses formed by spinal nerves composed of anterior or posterior rami?

A

Anterior only

(remember dorsal rami/posterior rami only innervates the back; anterior/ventral rami innervate the rest of the body)

138
Q

What does the falx cerebelli separate?

A

The two lobes of the cerebellum

139
Q

Where does the tentorium cerebelli attach and what does is separate?

A

Petrous part of the temporal bone

Separates the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum

** Encloses the transverse sinus

140
Q

What do gray rami communicantes carry?

A

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers away from paravertebral ganglia to spinal nerves

141
Q

How many neurons are in an autonomic nervous system pathway?

A

Two

142
Q

How many neurons extend from the CNS in the somatic nervous system?

A

Just one

143
Q

What does CN II do?

A

Eye sight

144
Q

What does CN X do?

A

Motor to heart, lungs, bronchi, GI tract

Sensory to heart, lungs, bronchi, GI tract, external ear, etc

145
Q

What encloses the occipital sinus?

A

The falx cerebelli

146
Q

What is the neurotransmitter(s) used in the parasympathetic NS?

A

Both pre- and postganglionic use acetylcholine

147
Q

Where does the falx cerebri attach and what does it separate?

A

Crista gali of the ethmoid bone anteriorly and the internal occipital protuberance posteriorly

Separates the hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

148
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the lacrimal gland, the submandibular gland, and the sublingual gland?

A

CN VII

Lacrimal via pterygopalantine ganglion

Sublingual and submandibular via submandibular ganglion

149
Q

What is the only sympathetic ganglion that innervates the head and neck?

A

The superior cervical ganglion

150
Q

What is the arterial supply to the spinal cord?

A

One anterior and two posterior spinal arteries

There are also radicular arteries from segmental arteries + medullary arteries from the anterior spinal artery

151
Q

What does CN VII do?

A

Motor to muscles of the face, intermediate motor to submandibular & sublingual glands, sense of taste

152
Q

What spinal nerves are associated with the Least Splanchnic Nerve? What ganglia does it synpase with?

A

T12

Renal Ganglion

153
Q

Name CN XI. Is it sensory, motor, or both?

A

Accessory

Motor

154
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal

155
Q

What makes up the pia mater?

A

connective tissue comprised of reticular and elastic fibers

156
Q

Where is a needle placed during a spinal tap?

A

Between L3 and L4

157
Q

What makes up the diencephalon?

A

Epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus

158
Q

Name CN X. Is it sensory, motor, or both?

A

Vagus

BOTH

159
Q

What are dermatomes?

A

Area of skin innervated by one single segment of the spinal cord

160
Q

Which portion of the autonomic nervous system has long preganglionic fibers?

A

Parasympathetic

161
Q

What separates the somatosensory cortex from the motor cortex?

A

The central sulcus

162
Q

How many gray communicantes do we have in total? How many white?

A

Gray: 62 (31 pairs of spinal nerves)

White: 28 (14 pairs of thoracolumbar nerves in the paravertebral sympathethic ganglia)

163
Q

What is dysautonomia?

A

Disorder of the ANS

Common causes include alcoholism, anxiety, lupus, HIV/AIDS, Lyme disease, etc

164
Q

What spinal nerves are associated with the Lumbar Splanchnic Nerve? What ganglia does it synpase with?

A

L 1 - L2

Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion

165
Q

What causes referred pain?

A

Crosstalk in dorsal horn

Pain is perceived as being from area of skin innervated by same segmental levels as visceral afferent (aka pain in viscera interpreted as if it came from somatic areas)

166
Q

How many neurons extend from the CNS in the autnomic nervous system?

A

One presynaptic + one postsynaptic.

They snynapse at a peripheral ganglion

167
Q

What does the common fibular nerve branch into at the fibular head?

A

The deep fibular nerve and the superficial fibular nerve

168
Q

What neuronal cell type controls the blood-brain barrier?

A

Astrocytes

169
Q

What cranial nerve(s) pass through the foramen rotundum?

A

V2

170
Q

What does the femoral nerve innervate?

A

The anterior compartment of the thigh

171
Q

Where is Broca’s area located?

A

the frontal lobe

172
Q

Name CN III. Is it sensory, motor, or both?

A

Oculomotor

Motor

173
Q

What molecules are able to pass through the blood-brain barrier?

A

Glucose, essential amino acids, and some electrolytes

174
Q

What does CN IX do?

A

Movement to pharyngeal muscles and sensory to the posterior part of the tongue

Parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland

175
Q

What are real spaces in the meningeal layers of the brain? Of the spinal cord?

A

Brain: subarachnoid has CSF

Spinal cord: epidural has fat, subarachnoid has CSF

176
Q

What are the four prevertebral ganglia in the ANS? Where are they located?

A
  1. Celiac
  2. Aorticorenal
  3. Superior Mesenteric
  4. Inferior Mesenteric

All are located anterior to the abdominal aorta

177
Q

The inferior sagittal sinus drains into what?

A

The straight sinus

178
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the parotid gland?

A

CN IX

Via the otic ganglia

179
Q

Where are sympathetic ganglia located? Parasympathetic?

A

Sympathetic: adjacent to spinal cord in sympathetic chain or in prevertebral ganglia

Parasympathetic: close to or in walls of the target organ

180
Q

What makes CSF?

A

The choroid plexus

181
Q

The straight sinus and the superior sagittal sinus converge at what?

A

The confluence of sinuses

182
Q

Where is CSF resorbed?

A

Arachnoid granulations

183
Q

CSF reduces the weight of the brain by what percentage?

A

95%

184
Q

What is a nerve plexi?

A

Axons of primary ventral rami become rearranged in interconnected networks; one nerve can contain axons from several spinal levels

Ex: brachial plexus, lumbosacral plexus

185
Q

What parasympathetic ganglia is associated with CN III?

A

ciliary ganglia

186
Q

What is a sensory nerve to the skin called?

A

A cutaneous nerve

187
Q

Name CN IX. Is it sensory, motor, or both?

A

Glossopharyngeal

BOTH

188
Q

Name CN IV. Is it sensory, motor, or both?

A

Trochlear

Motor

189
Q

What parasympathetic ganglia are associated with CN VII?

A

Pterygopalatine + submandibular

190
Q

How many neurons are in a somatic pathway?

A

One

191
Q

Loss of sensory information from receptors to CNS is termed what?

A

anesthesia

192
Q

What do dorsal rami contain? Ventral rami?

A

Both contain sensory and motor neurons

193
Q

Which part of the autonomic nervous system has extensive postganglionic branching?

A

Sympathetic

Very little branching in the parasympathetic (its more localized)

194
Q

Name CN I. Is it sensory, motor, or both?

A

Olfactory

Sensory

195
Q

How are visceral sensations characterized?

A

Dull, poorly localized, cramping, irritants, blood gas and pressure

196
Q

What does the subthalamus do?

A

Role in motor, visual, and emotional control

197
Q

What are the four important spinal reflexes?

A

Stretch, tendon, extension, and flexor (withdrawl)

STEF

198
Q

What are the five components of the reflex arc?

A

Receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, motor neuron, effector

199
Q

Is the cutaneous nerve map the same as the dermatome nerve map?

A

No

Remember that cutaneous nerves may have axons from more than one spinal cord segment whereas dermatomes are area of skin innervated by a single spinal cord segment

200
Q

What does the deep fibular nerve innervate?

A

The anterior compartment of the leg

201
Q

What do posterior rami innervate?

A

Skin and deep muscles of the back

202
Q

What is Raynaud’s disease?

A

Disorder of ANS characterized by constriction of blood vessels

Provoked by exposure to cold or by emotional stress

203
Q

What does CN III do?

A

Movement of all eye muscles except those supplied by IV and VI

204
Q

How are descending motor tracts named in the spinal cord?

A

……spinal

ex: vestibulospinal

205
Q

List the layers of meninges from the bones of the skull to the brain

A

Dura mater (periosteal, meningeal), Arachnoid mater, and pia mater

206
Q

What nerve innervates the medial aspect of the leg and foot up to the ball of the big toe?

A

The saphenous nerve

(which means someone with damage to their sciatic nerve would have SOME feeling in their leg)

MS1 Fall (23 decks)

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